1
Make sure to review all footnotes on PowerPoint slides – such as ‘review chart
XYZ’
Module 1
Pathophysiology basics
*Components of Pathophysiology
▪ Pathogenesis- development or evolution of a disease
▪ Etiology- The study of the causes and origins of disease
▪ Clinical Manifestation- signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
▪ Treatment Implications- strategies used to manage/ cure a disease,
management of symptoms, and includes prevention methods
Three levels of epidemiology are
o Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons (Ex. Immunizations are the best primary way to prevent
diseases)
o Secondary- early detection, screening, and management of disease
(Ex. Cancer screening and monthly breast exams; mammograms)
o Tertiary - rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring effective functioning. Pt is already dealing with the issue and
we should try to help them recover. (Ex. PT\OT following stroke)
o
Homeostasis –what is it, how does it help us
o Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism
Allostasis – define/ what’s different from homeostasis
o Ability to successfully adapt to challenges
o Getting the body back its homeostasis stage
Allostatic overload – what does this mean to the body/individual?
o inadequate adaption mechanisms or excessive allostatic load; results
in inability to maintain homeostasis
o Leads to various illness and disorders, both physical & emotional
o Chemical mediators from the stress response contribute to various
illnesses: cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines
,2
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome – what are the key features
with disease
Processes
Stage 1: Alarm: Fight or flight (↑ glucocorticoids, sympathetic
nervous system, epinephrine) = ↓ resistance to stressors
Stage 2: resistance or adaptation: eventual normalization of
glucocorticoid secretion, sympathetic nervous system activity,
epinephrine and norepinephrine) =↑ resistance/adaptation to
stressor—return to homeostasis
Stage 3: exhaustion: ↑ glucocorticoid secretion, followed by
significant dysregulation, diseases of adaption, = loss of resistance
to stressor, possible death of organism
*Hormones released during GAS
Catecholamines
o play an integral role in allostasis
o Sympatico- adrenal system response mediates the fight-or-flight
response
o Ex: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
i. Epinephrine
o Enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate and
increases cardiac out put
o Causes bronchodilation
o Increases the release of glucose form the liver (glycogenolysis)
and elevates blood glucose levels
ii. Norepinephrine
o Constricts blood vessels and raises Bp
o Reduces gastric secretions
Adrenocorticoids
o Critical to maintain homeostasis
o May synergize or antagonize effect of catecholamines
o Ex: Cortisol and aldosterone
i. Cortisol
o Primary glucocorticoid
o Affects protein metabolism
o Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
o Had anti-inflammatory affects
o Too much cortisol over time can lead to pro-inflammatory effects
ii. Aldosterone (Secreted by adrenal cortex)
, 3
o Primary mineralocorticoid
o Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
o Increases Bp
Endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines
i. Endorphins and Enkephalins
o Endogenous opioids (body’s natural pain relievers)
o Raise pain threshold
o Produce sedation and euphoria; (reason athletes are able to play with
injuries)
ii. Immune Cytokines
o Secreted by macrophages during stress response
o Enhance immune system response
o Prolonged stress can suppress immune functioning (makes you
more susceptible to viruses)
o Example: Interleukin-1
Adaptation to stress and illness
i. Resilience
ii. Maladaptation
iii. Effect on children
Cellular Metabolism (know basics- what was discussed in live lecture)
o Nucleus- Contains genetic material
o Endoplasmic Reticulum- Synthesizes and metabolizes lipids
o Lysosomes & Peroxisomes- Contains degradative enzymes
o Golgi Apparatus- Processes and packages proteins & lipids
o Ribosome- Synthesizes protein
o Cytoskeleton – Maintains shape
o Mitochondria – makes majority of ATP
Fluids and electrolytes
Fluid regulation
o Body fluid:
Pertains to water within the body & the particles dissolved in it
o 2 major body fluid compartments
Extracellular fluid: outside of the cell
1/3 body fluid in adults
Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular
Intracellular fluid: inside the cell
2/3 body fluid in adults
o Location of extracellular fluid
Interstitial compartment (between cells)
Make sure to review all footnotes on PowerPoint slides – such as ‘review chart
XYZ’
Module 1
Pathophysiology basics
*Components of Pathophysiology
▪ Pathogenesis- development or evolution of a disease
▪ Etiology- The study of the causes and origins of disease
▪ Clinical Manifestation- signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
▪ Treatment Implications- strategies used to manage/ cure a disease,
management of symptoms, and includes prevention methods
Three levels of epidemiology are
o Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons (Ex. Immunizations are the best primary way to prevent
diseases)
o Secondary- early detection, screening, and management of disease
(Ex. Cancer screening and monthly breast exams; mammograms)
o Tertiary - rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and
restoring effective functioning. Pt is already dealing with the issue and
we should try to help them recover. (Ex. PT\OT following stroke)
o
Homeostasis –what is it, how does it help us
o Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism
Allostasis – define/ what’s different from homeostasis
o Ability to successfully adapt to challenges
o Getting the body back its homeostasis stage
Allostatic overload – what does this mean to the body/individual?
o inadequate adaption mechanisms or excessive allostatic load; results
in inability to maintain homeostasis
o Leads to various illness and disorders, both physical & emotional
o Chemical mediators from the stress response contribute to various
illnesses: cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines
,2
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome – what are the key features
with disease
Processes
Stage 1: Alarm: Fight or flight (↑ glucocorticoids, sympathetic
nervous system, epinephrine) = ↓ resistance to stressors
Stage 2: resistance or adaptation: eventual normalization of
glucocorticoid secretion, sympathetic nervous system activity,
epinephrine and norepinephrine) =↑ resistance/adaptation to
stressor—return to homeostasis
Stage 3: exhaustion: ↑ glucocorticoid secretion, followed by
significant dysregulation, diseases of adaption, = loss of resistance
to stressor, possible death of organism
*Hormones released during GAS
Catecholamines
o play an integral role in allostasis
o Sympatico- adrenal system response mediates the fight-or-flight
response
o Ex: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
i. Epinephrine
o Enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate and
increases cardiac out put
o Causes bronchodilation
o Increases the release of glucose form the liver (glycogenolysis)
and elevates blood glucose levels
ii. Norepinephrine
o Constricts blood vessels and raises Bp
o Reduces gastric secretions
Adrenocorticoids
o Critical to maintain homeostasis
o May synergize or antagonize effect of catecholamines
o Ex: Cortisol and aldosterone
i. Cortisol
o Primary glucocorticoid
o Affects protein metabolism
o Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
o Had anti-inflammatory affects
o Too much cortisol over time can lead to pro-inflammatory effects
ii. Aldosterone (Secreted by adrenal cortex)
, 3
o Primary mineralocorticoid
o Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
o Increases Bp
Endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines
i. Endorphins and Enkephalins
o Endogenous opioids (body’s natural pain relievers)
o Raise pain threshold
o Produce sedation and euphoria; (reason athletes are able to play with
injuries)
ii. Immune Cytokines
o Secreted by macrophages during stress response
o Enhance immune system response
o Prolonged stress can suppress immune functioning (makes you
more susceptible to viruses)
o Example: Interleukin-1
Adaptation to stress and illness
i. Resilience
ii. Maladaptation
iii. Effect on children
Cellular Metabolism (know basics- what was discussed in live lecture)
o Nucleus- Contains genetic material
o Endoplasmic Reticulum- Synthesizes and metabolizes lipids
o Lysosomes & Peroxisomes- Contains degradative enzymes
o Golgi Apparatus- Processes and packages proteins & lipids
o Ribosome- Synthesizes protein
o Cytoskeleton – Maintains shape
o Mitochondria – makes majority of ATP
Fluids and electrolytes
Fluid regulation
o Body fluid:
Pertains to water within the body & the particles dissolved in it
o 2 major body fluid compartments
Extracellular fluid: outside of the cell
1/3 body fluid in adults
Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to intracellular
Intracellular fluid: inside the cell
2/3 body fluid in adults
o Location of extracellular fluid
Interstitial compartment (between cells)
