B
ybl
ac
kdo
lar
Cr
imi
nall
awnot
es171
h
tt
ps
:/
/www.
st
uv
ia
.co
m/u
ser
/Bl
ac
kDo
lar
4
i
1
. GENERALI
NTRODUCTI
ON
1
.1. Wh
ati
sCr
imi
nal
Law?
• Def
ine
scertai
nfor
mso fconductasacri
me
• Pr
ovi
desforpuni
shme n
t
• El
ements
o Conduct(ac
tualphys
ica
l a
ct)oCaus
ati
on
o Unlawful
ness(pr
iv
atedefenc
e)
o Cri
minalc apaci
ty( mentalil
ln
ess;temp
ora
ri
lyb
li
nde
dbya
nge
r)o F
aul
t
(i
ntent
/negl
i
g e
nce)
1
.1.
1.De
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Co
ndu
ctt
hats
oci
et
ybe
li
eve
stob
ewr
ong/d
isa
ppr
ove
sof
,• I
.
e.c
ond
uctt
hec
ommu
nit
yth
ink
sde
ser
vesp
uni
shme
nt
1
.1.
2. De
fi
ni
ti
ono
f Pu
nis
hme
nt De
pri
vat
io
n/i
nf
li
ct
io
nor
h
arm/
suf
fer
in
g
• E
xpr
ess
ionofc
ommu ni
ty
’sdi
sappr
oval/
condemn
ati
o n Whypun
ish
?
o Prev
ent
ion o f cri
me ( det
err
ent
) o Re h
abi
l
it
ati
on/
ref
orm
(embi
tt
ermen
t)oRetr
ibu
ti
on/rev
enge
o “Res
tor
ati
vej
ust
ice”
?(r
esto
rin
gp osi
ti
onpr
iort
ocr
ime
)
1
.1.
3.F
unc
ti
ono
fCr
imi
nal
Law
• Soc
ialmech
a n
ismtoc oer
ceme mbersofsoci
ety
,th
roughth
reatofp
ainands
uff
eri
ng,t
o
ab
stai
nfr
omc ondu
cthar
mfultosoc
iet
y’
sint
ere
sts
• Ai
mst opromote
si n
div
idualau
tonomyandt hewel
far
eo fsoc
iet
y(andi
tsmember
s)by
e
sta
bli
shi
nga
ndma
int
ai
ni
ngp
eac
ean
dor
dera
nda
dva
nci
ngh
uma
nri
ght
s
1
.2. Wh
ati
saCr
ime
?
• Conduc
tth
ath
armst
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nt
ere
sts
:
1
.2.
1.Hu
man
/Ci
vi
lRi
ght
s
Ba
sichumanr
igh
tss
ucha
sri
ghtt
oli
fe
,bo
dil
yin
teg
rit
y,p
ers
ona
lsa
fet
yan
dpr
ope
rtya
re
pr
ote
cte
d
1
.2.
2.I
ndi
vi
dua
lAu
ton
omy/Re
spo
nsi
bi
li
ty
Pr
in
cip
le:
eac
hpe
rso
nsh
oul
dbet
rea
teda
sre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rhi
s/h
ero
wnb
eha
vio
ur;
sub
jec
ti
ve
a
ppr
oac
htoSAc
ri
min
all
aw(
per
son
alc
ir
cums
tan
cesa
rou
ndc
ommi
tt
in
gcr
ime
)
1
.2.
3.Co
ll
ect
iv
eWe
lf
are
• Stat
utor
yregul
at
ionsthatmaint
ainstan
dardsofsa
fety
,he
alt
h,wel
fa
re,
envi
ron
me n
tet
c.
• “Publ
i
cwe l
far
eoffenc
es”
• Cri
ti
ci
smoSt ate=p ate
rnali
st
ic:oft
enprote
cti
onfro
mh armfort
heindi
vi
dualwhoi
spun
ish
edb
yth
e
cri
minalpr
ohi
bit
ion
oIsitj
ust
if
iedtoprote
ctpeopleagai
nstthe
mselv
es?
1
.2.
4.Ma
int
ena
nceo
fth
eGo
ver
nme
nto
fth
eSt
ate
• Cri
mespro
tect
in
ginte
restsp
e r
tai
ni
ngtos t
ruc
tur
esan
dinst
it
uti
onsbywhi
chgove
rnmen
tisc
arr
ie
do n
• Exampl
es:
tre
ason,se
diti
onprot
ectthegover
nmentaga
ins
tuncons
ti
tut
io
nals
ubver
si
onandover
thr
ow
(e
.g.c
oupd’
etat
),c
ontemptofcour
t,c
o r
rupt
io
n
1
.2.
5.Pu
bli
cSe
nsi
bi
li
ti
es/Mo
ral
i
ty
• Cul
tu
ralandre
li
giousbel
ie
fsandval
uesoImpo
rta
ncei
sendor
sedbyi
nvo
kin
gthecr
imi
nal
sanc
ti
on
ag
ainstcon
ductth
reate
ningsuc
hv al
ues
• Ex
amp le
s:i
ncest
,fl
ashi
nginpubl
ic
• Cr
it
ic
ismoSh oul
dc r
imi
nalla
wb eusedtop
uni
sh“i
mmora
li
ty
”me r
el
ybec
ausei
tisi
mmora
li
ty(
i.
e.
2
, c
ond
uctt
hati
sot
her
wis
eno
tha
rmf
ult
oot
her
s)?oAl
so:
who
semo
ral
i
tyi
stob
een
for
ced
?
1
.3. Cr
imi
nal
i
sat
io
n
Cr
imi
nal
is
ati
onisapro
ces
swh e
reb
yac o
mpete
ntla
wma k
erdef
ine
sadpr
ohi
bit
sac o
nducta
scr
imes
oas
toexp
ressso
c i
et
alc
ondemn
ati
on,s
ometi
mestosuc
had e
gre
ea st
oov
er-
cri
min
ali
se.
Q:
Dif
fer
enc
ebe
twe
enc
ommo
nla
wan
dst
atu
tor
ycr
i
mes
1
.3.
1.Co
mmo
nLa
wCr
ime
s
• Haveexi
stedfromear
li
estti
mes–c omefromoldSAlegal
s our
ces
• Cl
osedli
st:nonewcri
me scanbeadded
• Ser
iouscri
me saga
ins
ttheperson
,pr
o p
ertyan
din t
ere
stsoft
hes t
ate
• Ex
a mple
s:mu rd
er,
rape,
b e
asti
al
it
y,f
raud
• Le
g i
sl
atur
ec anremovecommo nlawc r
imese.g.homose
x u
ali
tyandad
ult
eryu
sedt
obec
ommo
nla
w
cr
imes
1
.3.
2.St
atu
tor
yCr
ime
s
• En
act
edbylegi
sl
atur
e/p
arl
iamen
t
• Newt
ypesofcond
uctcont
inuet
obed e
cla
redt
obeacr
ime
• N.
B.a
llc
rimesmustbetes
tedagai
nstt
heCons
ti
tu
ti
on(
mayno
tbei
nco
mpa
ti
bl
ewi
thi
t)
Q:
whyi
sitn
ota
deq
uat
etod
efi
nec
ri
mesma
ter
ia
ll
yon
ly?
1
.3.
3.Ma
ter
ia
lDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• I
nhe
ren
tqu
ali
tyof“b
adness
”dec
isi
ve–cond
uctrega
rdedasmora
ll
ywron
goBUT:
o Notallcr
imi
nalc
onduc
tismoral
l
ywrong/“bad
”(e
.g.n
otpayi
ngt
ax,
put
ti
ngs
eat
bel
ton
)
o Notallmoral
l
ywrongc
onducti
spuni
shab
leasacri
me
• Ac
tsth
atarehar
mfult
osoci
et
yoBUT:
o No ta
llcr
ime
sc a
usehar
m(e.
g.s
mok
ingd
agg
a)oNo
tal
lha
rmf
ulc
ond
ucti
spu
nis
hab
lea
sa
c
ri
me
• Co
nclu
sion
o Inher
entl
yide
nti
fyconduc
tasacri
me
o So c
iet
y’
sv i
ewso fwhati
swronganddes
erv
ingofpun
ishmentvar
ie
sa cc
ordi
ngtot
imeand
p
lace
o Proble
m: r
efl
ect
ss o
cie
ti
esval
uesandd
oesnoti
den
ti
fycha
rac
teri
sestha
tide
nti
fyc
ond
u c
tasa
c
ri
me
1
.3.
4.Pr
oce
dur
alDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Whatarethefor
ma ll
egalpr
ocedur
alconsequ
encesoft
hecond
uct?
• I
ftheconsequenc
eisp r
osecut
ionandthei
nfl
ict
ionofpu
nis
hment
,th
econd
ucti
sacr
ime
• Thu
s ,cond
u c
tisac r
imeb ec
auseac omp et
entlaw-
maki
ngpro
nounc
edittobeone(
notb
ase
don
morali
ty
)
• Ret
urntoori
ginal
defi
nit
ion
• The
reforecond
uctisac r
imeandpresc
ri
b e
sp uni
shment
3
, 1
.3.
5.Ad
ver
seE
ffe
ctso
fOv
er-
Cri
min
ali
sat
io
n
Cri
sis
?Mo reandmo recri
me scr
eated
a
)L e
sseningcri
minall
aw’sauthori
ty
:legi
ti
macycr
isi
s
b
) St
igmati
singind
ivi
dual
sa scri
minals
- So c i
al
:per
ma nentrec
o r
d
c
)E nc
o ur
agingcri
me
- 1 92 0
sp r
ohi
biti
on:i
ncreasei
no r
gani
sedcri
meinUSA
d
) Over
loadi
ngthecri
minalj
u st
icesyst
em
- Ma i
ntenan
ceo fj
u di
ci
arysyst
em( e
xpens
ive)
- J ail
s:over
crowdi
n g
2
.THE
ORI
ESOFPUNI
SHME
NT
Cases
SvTabet
he200
9
DPPvTabet
he201
1
(SCA)
2
.1. Ab
sol
ut
eorRe
tri
but
iv
eTh
eor
ie
s
• Pu
n i
shmenti
mp or
tan
t,en
dinit
sel
f
• Cr
imina
lsdeser
vepuni
shment
• Unde
rly
ingra
ti
onal
e:per
sonswhohav
ecaus
edh a
rms h
oul
dth
emsel
vess
uff
erh
arm
• Notmerel
yreve
nge:r
etr
ibu
ti
onmustbep
ropor
ti
onal
tohar
mcaus
ed
2
.1.
1.Ap
pea
seme
nto
fSo
cie
ty:
Rev
eng
e?
• Ol
destj
ust
if
icat
ionforpuni
shme nt
• POD:
p e
rsonwh ocausedharms ho
uldal
sosuf
fer NB:pr
opo
rti
ona
li
ty–p
uni
shme
ntmu
stf
itt
he
cr
ime Re as
on :
- a p
p e
ases o
ciety–p u
b l
i
cd emand
s
- So ci
et
ymu stpu n
ishtoprovec
ondemn,e
xpr
essr
evu
lsi
on
- Re st
oresoci
e t
yorder
• Di
sadvan
tages:cl
ai
mf o
rr e
vengeoCantheyex
pla
insi
tuat
io
nifvi
cti
md o
esnotde
sir
eve
ngean
ce?
o Sh oul
dv i
ct
imb econsul
te
dtod e
termi
newhatpuni
shmentofof
fen
derwoul
dsat
is
fyt
hei
rth
ir
st
f
orrevenge?
• Adva
ntages
:“ v
engeance”duet
op ubl
icde
ma n
doDe mandforre
vengei
ss a
ti
sf
ie
doPubli
cdonotl
ose
re
spectf
orthela
w
o Pe opl
ewilln
otviewita
sn ec
essar
ytoexac
tpri
vat
ereve
nge
2
.1.
2.At
one
men
tbyOf
fen
der
• I
nfl
uen
ceofch
urch:
pur
gin
gofo
ffe
nde
r’
sgu
il
t–r
est
ori
ngo
ffe
nde
rtoas
tat
eofmo
ral
goo
dne
ss
• Pay
sdebtt
osoci
et
y
4
ybl
ac
kdo
lar
Cr
imi
nall
awnot
es171
h
tt
ps
:/
/www.
st
uv
ia
.co
m/u
ser
/Bl
ac
kDo
lar
4
i
1
. GENERALI
NTRODUCTI
ON
1
.1. Wh
ati
sCr
imi
nal
Law?
• Def
ine
scertai
nfor
mso fconductasacri
me
• Pr
ovi
desforpuni
shme n
t
• El
ements
o Conduct(ac
tualphys
ica
l a
ct)oCaus
ati
on
o Unlawful
ness(pr
iv
atedefenc
e)
o Cri
minalc apaci
ty( mentalil
ln
ess;temp
ora
ri
lyb
li
nde
dbya
nge
r)o F
aul
t
(i
ntent
/negl
i
g e
nce)
1
.1.
1.De
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Co
ndu
ctt
hats
oci
et
ybe
li
eve
stob
ewr
ong/d
isa
ppr
ove
sof
,• I
.
e.c
ond
uctt
hec
ommu
nit
yth
ink
sde
ser
vesp
uni
shme
nt
1
.1.
2. De
fi
ni
ti
ono
f Pu
nis
hme
nt De
pri
vat
io
n/i
nf
li
ct
io
nor
h
arm/
suf
fer
in
g
• E
xpr
ess
ionofc
ommu ni
ty
’sdi
sappr
oval/
condemn
ati
o n Whypun
ish
?
o Prev
ent
ion o f cri
me ( det
err
ent
) o Re h
abi
l
it
ati
on/
ref
orm
(embi
tt
ermen
t)oRetr
ibu
ti
on/rev
enge
o “Res
tor
ati
vej
ust
ice”
?(r
esto
rin
gp osi
ti
onpr
iort
ocr
ime
)
1
.1.
3.F
unc
ti
ono
fCr
imi
nal
Law
• Soc
ialmech
a n
ismtoc oer
ceme mbersofsoci
ety
,th
roughth
reatofp
ainands
uff
eri
ng,t
o
ab
stai
nfr
omc ondu
cthar
mfultosoc
iet
y’
sint
ere
sts
• Ai
mst opromote
si n
div
idualau
tonomyandt hewel
far
eo fsoc
iet
y(andi
tsmember
s)by
e
sta
bli
shi
nga
ndma
int
ai
ni
ngp
eac
ean
dor
dera
nda
dva
nci
ngh
uma
nri
ght
s
1
.2. Wh
ati
saCr
ime
?
• Conduc
tth
ath
armst
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nt
ere
sts
:
1
.2.
1.Hu
man
/Ci
vi
lRi
ght
s
Ba
sichumanr
igh
tss
ucha
sri
ghtt
oli
fe
,bo
dil
yin
teg
rit
y,p
ers
ona
lsa
fet
yan
dpr
ope
rtya
re
pr
ote
cte
d
1
.2.
2.I
ndi
vi
dua
lAu
ton
omy/Re
spo
nsi
bi
li
ty
Pr
in
cip
le:
eac
hpe
rso
nsh
oul
dbet
rea
teda
sre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rhi
s/h
ero
wnb
eha
vio
ur;
sub
jec
ti
ve
a
ppr
oac
htoSAc
ri
min
all
aw(
per
son
alc
ir
cums
tan
cesa
rou
ndc
ommi
tt
in
gcr
ime
)
1
.2.
3.Co
ll
ect
iv
eWe
lf
are
• Stat
utor
yregul
at
ionsthatmaint
ainstan
dardsofsa
fety
,he
alt
h,wel
fa
re,
envi
ron
me n
tet
c.
• “Publ
i
cwe l
far
eoffenc
es”
• Cri
ti
ci
smoSt ate=p ate
rnali
st
ic:oft
enprote
cti
onfro
mh armfort
heindi
vi
dualwhoi
spun
ish
edb
yth
e
cri
minalpr
ohi
bit
ion
oIsitj
ust
if
iedtoprote
ctpeopleagai
nstthe
mselv
es?
1
.2.
4.Ma
int
ena
nceo
fth
eGo
ver
nme
nto
fth
eSt
ate
• Cri
mespro
tect
in
ginte
restsp
e r
tai
ni
ngtos t
ruc
tur
esan
dinst
it
uti
onsbywhi
chgove
rnmen
tisc
arr
ie
do n
• Exampl
es:
tre
ason,se
diti
onprot
ectthegover
nmentaga
ins
tuncons
ti
tut
io
nals
ubver
si
onandover
thr
ow
(e
.g.c
oupd’
etat
),c
ontemptofcour
t,c
o r
rupt
io
n
1
.2.
5.Pu
bli
cSe
nsi
bi
li
ti
es/Mo
ral
i
ty
• Cul
tu
ralandre
li
giousbel
ie
fsandval
uesoImpo
rta
ncei
sendor
sedbyi
nvo
kin
gthecr
imi
nal
sanc
ti
on
ag
ainstcon
ductth
reate
ningsuc
hv al
ues
• Ex
amp le
s:i
ncest
,fl
ashi
nginpubl
ic
• Cr
it
ic
ismoSh oul
dc r
imi
nalla
wb eusedtop
uni
sh“i
mmora
li
ty
”me r
el
ybec
ausei
tisi
mmora
li
ty(
i.
e.
2
, c
ond
uctt
hati
sot
her
wis
eno
tha
rmf
ult
oot
her
s)?oAl
so:
who
semo
ral
i
tyi
stob
een
for
ced
?
1
.3. Cr
imi
nal
i
sat
io
n
Cr
imi
nal
is
ati
onisapro
ces
swh e
reb
yac o
mpete
ntla
wma k
erdef
ine
sadpr
ohi
bit
sac o
nducta
scr
imes
oas
toexp
ressso
c i
et
alc
ondemn
ati
on,s
ometi
mestosuc
had e
gre
ea st
oov
er-
cri
min
ali
se.
Q:
Dif
fer
enc
ebe
twe
enc
ommo
nla
wan
dst
atu
tor
ycr
i
mes
1
.3.
1.Co
mmo
nLa
wCr
ime
s
• Haveexi
stedfromear
li
estti
mes–c omefromoldSAlegal
s our
ces
• Cl
osedli
st:nonewcri
me scanbeadded
• Ser
iouscri
me saga
ins
ttheperson
,pr
o p
ertyan
din t
ere
stsoft
hes t
ate
• Ex
a mple
s:mu rd
er,
rape,
b e
asti
al
it
y,f
raud
• Le
g i
sl
atur
ec anremovecommo nlawc r
imese.g.homose
x u
ali
tyandad
ult
eryu
sedt
obec
ommo
nla
w
cr
imes
1
.3.
2.St
atu
tor
yCr
ime
s
• En
act
edbylegi
sl
atur
e/p
arl
iamen
t
• Newt
ypesofcond
uctcont
inuet
obed e
cla
redt
obeacr
ime
• N.
B.a
llc
rimesmustbetes
tedagai
nstt
heCons
ti
tu
ti
on(
mayno
tbei
nco
mpa
ti
bl
ewi
thi
t)
Q:
whyi
sitn
ota
deq
uat
etod
efi
nec
ri
mesma
ter
ia
ll
yon
ly?
1
.3.
3.Ma
ter
ia
lDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• I
nhe
ren
tqu
ali
tyof“b
adness
”dec
isi
ve–cond
uctrega
rdedasmora
ll
ywron
goBUT:
o Notallcr
imi
nalc
onduc
tismoral
l
ywrong/“bad
”(e
.g.n
otpayi
ngt
ax,
put
ti
ngs
eat
bel
ton
)
o Notallmoral
l
ywrongc
onducti
spuni
shab
leasacri
me
• Ac
tsth
atarehar
mfult
osoci
et
yoBUT:
o No ta
llcr
ime
sc a
usehar
m(e.
g.s
mok
ingd
agg
a)oNo
tal
lha
rmf
ulc
ond
ucti
spu
nis
hab
lea
sa
c
ri
me
• Co
nclu
sion
o Inher
entl
yide
nti
fyconduc
tasacri
me
o So c
iet
y’
sv i
ewso fwhati
swronganddes
erv
ingofpun
ishmentvar
ie
sa cc
ordi
ngtot
imeand
p
lace
o Proble
m: r
efl
ect
ss o
cie
ti
esval
uesandd
oesnoti
den
ti
fycha
rac
teri
sestha
tide
nti
fyc
ond
u c
tasa
c
ri
me
1
.3.
4.Pr
oce
dur
alDe
fi
ni
ti
ono
faCr
ime
• Whatarethefor
ma ll
egalpr
ocedur
alconsequ
encesoft
hecond
uct?
• I
ftheconsequenc
eisp r
osecut
ionandthei
nfl
ict
ionofpu
nis
hment
,th
econd
ucti
sacr
ime
• Thu
s ,cond
u c
tisac r
imeb ec
auseac omp et
entlaw-
maki
ngpro
nounc
edittobeone(
notb
ase
don
morali
ty
)
• Ret
urntoori
ginal
defi
nit
ion
• The
reforecond
uctisac r
imeandpresc
ri
b e
sp uni
shment
3
, 1
.3.
5.Ad
ver
seE
ffe
ctso
fOv
er-
Cri
min
ali
sat
io
n
Cri
sis
?Mo reandmo recri
me scr
eated
a
)L e
sseningcri
minall
aw’sauthori
ty
:legi
ti
macycr
isi
s
b
) St
igmati
singind
ivi
dual
sa scri
minals
- So c i
al
:per
ma nentrec
o r
d
c
)E nc
o ur
agingcri
me
- 1 92 0
sp r
ohi
biti
on:i
ncreasei
no r
gani
sedcri
meinUSA
d
) Over
loadi
ngthecri
minalj
u st
icesyst
em
- Ma i
ntenan
ceo fj
u di
ci
arysyst
em( e
xpens
ive)
- J ail
s:over
crowdi
n g
2
.THE
ORI
ESOFPUNI
SHME
NT
Cases
SvTabet
he200
9
DPPvTabet
he201
1
(SCA)
2
.1. Ab
sol
ut
eorRe
tri
but
iv
eTh
eor
ie
s
• Pu
n i
shmenti
mp or
tan
t,en
dinit
sel
f
• Cr
imina
lsdeser
vepuni
shment
• Unde
rly
ingra
ti
onal
e:per
sonswhohav
ecaus
edh a
rms h
oul
dth
emsel
vess
uff
erh
arm
• Notmerel
yreve
nge:r
etr
ibu
ti
onmustbep
ropor
ti
onal
tohar
mcaus
ed
2
.1.
1.Ap
pea
seme
nto
fSo
cie
ty:
Rev
eng
e?
• Ol
destj
ust
if
icat
ionforpuni
shme nt
• POD:
p e
rsonwh ocausedharms ho
uldal
sosuf
fer NB:pr
opo
rti
ona
li
ty–p
uni
shme
ntmu
stf
itt
he
cr
ime Re as
on :
- a p
p e
ases o
ciety–p u
b l
i
cd emand
s
- So ci
et
ymu stpu n
ishtoprovec
ondemn,e
xpr
essr
evu
lsi
on
- Re st
oresoci
e t
yorder
• Di
sadvan
tages:cl
ai
mf o
rr e
vengeoCantheyex
pla
insi
tuat
io
nifvi
cti
md o
esnotde
sir
eve
ngean
ce?
o Sh oul
dv i
ct
imb econsul
te
dtod e
termi
newhatpuni
shmentofof
fen
derwoul
dsat
is
fyt
hei
rth
ir
st
f
orrevenge?
• Adva
ntages
:“ v
engeance”duet
op ubl
icde
ma n
doDe mandforre
vengei
ss a
ti
sf
ie
doPubli
cdonotl
ose
re
spectf
orthela
w
o Pe opl
ewilln
otviewita
sn ec
essar
ytoexac
tpri
vat
ereve
nge
2
.1.
2.At
one
men
tbyOf
fen
der
• I
nfl
uen
ceofch
urch:
pur
gin
gofo
ffe
nde
r’
sgu
il
t–r
est
ori
ngo
ffe
nde
rtoas
tat
eofmo
ral
goo
dne
ss
• Pay
sdebtt
osoci
et
y
4
