NGR 5141 ADVANCED PATHO EXAM 1 | NGR5141 ADVANCED PATHO EXAM 1_Graded A

NGR 5141 ADVANCED PATHO EXAM 1 Immunity, Inflammation, and Infection Quiz Question 1 Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response because of a(n): circulatory system that is too immature to adequately perfuse tissues. insufficient number of mast cells respiratory system that is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues deficiency in complement and chemotaxis Question 2 Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do natural killer (NK) cells actively attack? bacteria fungi mycoplasma viruses Question 3 A person cannot contract canine distemper because the person has _____immunity to it. natural, innate or species specific active active acquired passive immunoglobulin-mediated Question 4 The first antibody of a typical primary immune response is: IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE Question 5 The immune response can be subdivided into two responses, humoral and cell mediated. These two mechanisms include all of the following except: B cells T cells bradykinin antibodies Question 6 Cytokines: produce erythrocytes may be produced by macrophages and lynphocytes are the the only hormones of the immune response B and C Question 7 Inflammation is triggered by: cellular injury microorganisms oxygen deprivation all of the above Question 8 The predominant phagocytic cells early in the inflammatory response are: neutrophils monocytes macrophages eosinophils Question 9 Hypersensitivity is best defined as: a reduced immune response found in most pathologic states a normal immune response to an infectious agent antigenic desensitization an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen Question 10 Erythroblastosis fetalis is an example of: autoimmunity alloimmunity homoimmunity alleimmunity Question 11 What is the basic common characteristic of neutrophils and macrophages? mitotic diversion number in circulation phagocytosis opsonization Question 12 Both B and T cells are originally derived from cells of the: pancreas gut associated lymphoid tissue bone marrow thymus Question 13 The most severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction is: urticaria hives anaphylaxis ADCC Question 14 When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, _____ disease is a result. allergic fetal immune autoimmune alloimmune Question 15 The inflammatory response: prevents blood from entering the injured tissue elevates body temperature significantly to prevent the spread of infection prevents the formation of abcesses minimizes injury and promotes healing Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Quiz Question 1 A patient with chronic kidney disease is admitted with a potassium of 6.9 mEq/L. What clinical signs may accompany this disorder? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Tall, peaked T waves Muscle paralysis Constipation U waves Cardiac arrest Question 2 A client is prescribed lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, for treatment of hypertension. The following lab findings are reported: Glucose: 112 mg/dL Sodium: 144 mEq/L Chloride: 102 mEq/L Potassium: 5.2 mEq/L What electrolyte abnormalities are present? Hyponatremia These values are normal. hypernatremia Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Question 3 A client with hypoparathyroidism is admitted to the unit. A total calcium of 7.3 mEq/L is reported. What clinical signs accompany this disorder? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Depressed reflexes Bradycardia Laryngospasm Tetany Constipation Question 4 A client with multiple myeloma is admitted to the oncology unit. The following labs results are reported. Glucose: 325 mg/dL Sodium: 148 mEq/L Chloride: 111 mEq/L Potassium: 4.9 mEq/L Calcium: 12.2 mEq/L What abnormalities are present? Hypocalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypercalcemia Hypokalemia These values are normal. Question 5 A patient who it taking a thiazide diuretic for treatment of hypertension. The following lab report is received. Glucose 134 mg/dL Sodium 136 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Potassium 3.1 mEq/L If present, what lab abnormalities are present? These values are normal. hyponatremia hypokalemia hyperkalemia hypernatremia Question 6 A patient with a history of heart failure is admitted with a plasma sodium of 118 mEq/L. What clinical signs accompany this electolyte disorder? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Tetany Seizures Edema Hyperreflexia Ascites Question 7 A 2-month-old infant is hospitalized after experiencing 24 hours of vomiting and diarrhea. The following values are reported on the chemistry panel: Glucose 87 mg/dL Sodium 151 mEq/L Chorlide 110 mEq/L Potassium 4.6 mEq/L Calcium 9.4 mEq/L What electrolyte disorder(s) are present? Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Normal lab Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Question 8 A client who is receiving chemotherapy for advanced colon cancer presents to the emergency department with clinical signs of sepsis. The following blood gas report is obtained: pH 7.12 PaCO2 15 mmHg PaO2 88 mmHg Sat 91% HCO3 20 mEq/L How do you interpret these findings? Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis These values are normal. Question 9 A 50-year-old morbidly obese male is admitted for bariatric surgery. The following blood gas report is received preoperatively: pH 7.31 PaCO2 58 mmHg PaO2 90 mmHg Sat 92% HCO3 24 mEq/L What is the interpretation of these findings? Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis These values are normal. Metabolic alkalosis Question 10 A client is admitted to the medical intensive care with a diagnosis of pancreatitis. The client has an NG tube to low intermittent suction. The following blood gas report is received: pH 7. 49 PaCO2 42 mmHg PaO2 90 mmHg Sat 94% HCO3 27 mEq/L What is the interpretation of these findings? Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis These values are normal. Metabolic acidosis Question 11 A client with a peanut allergy comes in contact with a peanut-containing food. The patient experiences begins to wheeze and collapses. The following blood gases are obtained in the emergency department. pH 7.23 PaCO2 58 mmHg PaO2 72 mmHg Saturation 84% HCO3 26 mEq/L What is the interpretation of the ABG report? Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis These values are normal. Question 1 Groups at risk for fluid imbalance include: elderly persons, thin women, and infants infants, thin women, and obese persons obese persons, elderly persons, and infants Question 2 Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids can result in: hypomagnesemia hypophosphatemia hyponatremia hypokalemia Question 3 Hypernatremia may be caused by: oversecretion of aldosterone Cushing syndrome inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution A, B, and C Question 4 Edema may be caused by: increasing capillary permeability increasing hydrostatic pressure reducing plasma proteins increasing interstitial proteins any of the above Question 5 Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by: hepatitis renal failure trauma to the hypothalamus pancreatitis Question 6 An enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced is: angiotensin I angiotensin II aldosterone renin Question 7 Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because HCO3 and H2CO3 exist in a ratio of: 20:1 1:20 10:2 10:5 Question 8 _____ alterations occur when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes. Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic none of the above Question 9 In hyperkalemia, cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of: cardiac cell hypopolarization cardiac cell hyperexcitability changes in plasma changes in oxygen delivery Question 10 Dehydration may result in any of the following except: an increased hematocrit dry skin Tachycardia postural hypertension Question 11 Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of: osmotic forces plasma oncotic pressure antidiuretic hormone Filtration Question 12 The secretion of aldosterone is influenced by: plasma concentration of potassium blood volume plasma concentration of sodium A, B, and C Question 13 Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major buffering system? Hb/HHb HCO3/H2CO3 HPO4/H2PO4 NH3/NH4 Question 14 Causes of respiratory acidosis include: Vomiting sodium retention and loss of hydrogen ion pneumonia B and C Question 15 Tony Buffer, 54 years old, has a long history of smoking. He decides to undergo lung and blood studies done because he is very tired, is short of breath,and just does not feel good. His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; HCO3, 27; CO2, 58. Tony’s condition may be: respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis Cell and Genetics Quiz Question 1 Active transport occurs only across membranes that: use energy generated by cellular metabolism are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged molecules have receptors that are capable of recognizing and binding with the substances to be transported A and C Question 2 Asphyxial injuries include: suffocation strangulation chemical injuries drowning all of the above Question 3 Melanin is synthesized by epidermal cells called ____________ and accumulates in epidermal cells called _____________. cuboid, keratinocytes melanocytes, keratinocytes malanocytes, somatic columnar, basal surface Question 4 In chemical injury, membrane destruction results from: lipid peroxidation reactive free radicals direct toxicity A, B, and C Question 5 Muscular hypertrophy may involve: an increase in muscle cell number an increase in muscle cell size an increase in protein synthesis B and C Question 6 Cells that are particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation are those of the: gastrointestinal tract bone marrow lymph nodes fetus all of the above Question 7 The consequences of hypoxic injury include: decreased production of ATP increased intracellular lactate decreased protein synthesis A, B, and C Question 8 After ovulation the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of: hormonal hyperplasia hormonal dysplasia hormonal hypertrophy none of the above Question 9 Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce _______ ATP and _______ lactic acid. more, more less, less less, more more, less Question 10 Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if _________ is supplied quickly. normal saline potassium glucose oxygen Question 11 The single most common cause of cellular injury is: hypoxic injury chemical injury infectious injury genetic injury Question 12 Proteins facilitate transport across membranes by serving as: receptors enzymes transporters A, B, and C Question 13 Free radicals can be initiated in cells by: ultraviolet light normal metabolic processes metabolism of drugs A, B, and C Question 14 Atypical hyperplasia is another name for: metaplasia dysplasia Hypertrophy none of the above Question 15 The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of: Hypoplasia hormonal hyperplasia hormonal anaplasia Dysplasia Question 16 A couple has three offspring: one child with an autosomal dominant disease trait and two who are normal. The father is affected by the autosomal dominant disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. What is the recurrence risk of this autosomal dominant disease for their next child? 25% Cannot be determined 50% 33% Question 17 A somatic cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called: A diploid cell an aneuploid cell polyploidy cell a haploid cell CANCER QUIZ Question 1 Most childhood cancers arise from the: embryologic ectodermal layer. the epithelium cells the mesodermal germ layer the vicera Question 2 What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), basis fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor alpha in cell metastasis? To stimulate growth of near by tumor cells To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels Question 3 What are tumor cell markers and how are they used? Hormones, enzymes, antigens and antibodies produced by cancer cells and are used to screen individuals for cancer Receptor sites on tumor cells that identify tumor type Cytokines produced against cancer cells -- used to follow the clinical course of a chemotherapy Identification marks used in the administration of chemo and radiation therapy Question 4 Interleukin is used as adjuvnat therapy for a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The goal of the therapy is to: improve the cellular response to chemotherapy enhance the immune response to tumor cells reduce the metastasis of malignant cells prevent bone marrow depression Question 5 Which cytokine is involved in producing cachexia syndrome? Interleukin 1 (Il-1) Colony-stimulating fctor (CSF) Interleukin 15 (Il-15) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Question 6 When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed After an acute illness During infancy after early warning signs At peak times of physical growth Question 7 What are characteristics of benign tumors? They invade local tissues They spread through lymph They have low mitotic index They cause systemic syptoms Question 8 How does chronic inflammation cause cancer? By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged, which initiates mutations By increasing leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers Question 9 Most human cancers appear to arise via: autosomal recessive gene inheritance spontaneous gene mutations sX-linked recessive gene inheritance envirornent and nutrition Question 10 Which cells of the immune system provide defense for the host against circulating tumor cells? cytotoxic T, Helper T1 lymphocytes Neutrophils B-lymphocytes Natural Killer cells and macrophages Question 11 Many cancers create a mutation of ras. What is "ras"? A tumor suppressor gene A growth promoting gene An intracellular signaling protein that regulated cell growth A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about cell growth Question 12 What are oncogenes? Genes that have undergone mutation that directs the synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation Genes that direct protein synthesis to regulate growth and provide replacement of tissue Genes that encode proteins that halt the replacement of tissue Genes that have undergone mutation to direct malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis Question 13 Normally, which cells, if any, are "immortal" (never die)? stem cells and germ cells Blood cells Epithelial cells None, all cells eventually die Question 14 What is autocrine stimulation? The abilit of cancer cells to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth The abiltiy of cancer cells to create their own blood supply lThe ability of cancer cells to divert nutrients away for normal tissue for their own use The ability of cancer cells to turn off normal growth inhibitors Question 15 What is the most common route for distant metastasis? seeding Blood Lymphatics Bone marrow and stem cells