NGR 5141 Preparation for Exam 1 Grad Patho Summer

Cells and Genes

Effect of loss of ATP on the cell during ischemia

 The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: Swell because of the
influx of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Trisomy 23 and risks for cognitive disorders

 An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set ears

Risk of cystic fibrosis disease with both parents as carriers

 Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal dominant disease.

 50%

Chronic ethanol ingestion and nutritional deficits

Fluids ad Electrolytes

Infant susceptibility to loss of total body water (TBW)

High insulin dose and serum potassium

 Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.

How are calcium and phosphorus levels related?

What causes the release of ADH?

Etiologies of hyponatremia

Causes of body water deficits

Inflammation and Immune Function

Differentiation between acute and chronic inflammation

Which organ susceptible to chronic inflammation: which cancers are all associated with chronic
inflammation. Colon, thyroid gland, and urinary bladder

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and effect on tissues

Inflammation, hypothalamus and fever

Immune

How antibodies work against bacterial toxins

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