Human Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual
Cat Version
Eighth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., PH.D.,
Holyoke Community College
PhysioEx™ Version 5.0 authored by
Peter Z. Zao,
North Idaho College;
Timothy Stabler, PH.D.,
Indiana University Northwest; and
Greta Peterson,
Middlesex Community College
Publisher: Daryl Fox
Sponsoring Editor: Serina Beauparlant
Project Editor: Mary Ann Murray
Development Manager: Claire Alexander
Managing Editor: Wendy Earl
Production Supervisor: Sharon Montooth
Editorial Assistant: Sarah Kaminker
Art Manager: Laura Southworth
Art and Photo Coordinator: Claudia Durrell
Photo Researcher: Diane Austin
Copyeditor: Carla Breidenbach
Text and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa
Compositer: GTS Graphics
PhysioEx™ Project Editor: Barbara Yien
PhysioEx™ Developers: Cadre Design
Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp
Cover credit: Brian Bailey/The Image Bank
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon
Human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual / Elaine N. Marieb; PhysioEx version authored by Peter Z. Zao and Timothy
Stabler.—8th ed, Cat version.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8053-5517-0
1. Human physiology—Laboratory manuals. 2. Human anatomy—Laboratory manuals. 3. Cat—Laboratory manuals. I. Title: Human
anatomy and physiology laboratory manual. II. Zao, Peter Z. III. Stabler, Timothy. IV. Zao, Peter Z. PhysioEx 5.0. V. Title PhysioEx 5.0.
VI. Title.
QP44.M34 2004b
612'.0078—dc22 2003069551
,Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA 94111. All
rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
to: Pearson Education, Inc.,Rights and Permissions Department.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where
those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed
in initial caps or all caps.
Benjamin Cummings gratefully acknowledges Carolina Biological Supply for the use of numerous histology images found
on the PhysioEx CD-ROM.
The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted in conformity with the safety
precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety procedures, are reasonably safe for the student to whom this
manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the
failure or misuses of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, chemical spills, and exposure to sharp objects, heat, bodily
fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability arising from such risks in connection with any of the
experiments contained in this manual. If students have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any
experiment, they should always ask their instructor for help before proceeding.
ISBN 0-8053-5517-0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—VHP—08 07 06 05 04
www.aw-bc.comThe Benjamin Cummings Series
in Human Anatomy & Physiology
By R.A. Chase
The Bassett Atlas of Human Anatomy (1989)
By Kapit/Elson
The Anatomy Coloring Book, Third Edition (2002)
By Kapit/Macey/Meisami
The Physiology Coloring Book, Second Edition (2000)
By E.N. Marieb
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition (2004)
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Study Guide,
Sixth Edition (2004)
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version, Seventh Edition (2005)
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig Version, Eighth Edition (2005)
Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections, Fourth Edition (2005)
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology,
Seventh Edition (2003)
The A&P Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, Seventh Edition (2003)
By E.N. Marieb, J. Mallatt, and P.B. Wilhelm
Human Anatomy, Fourth Edition (2005)
Contents
Preface to the Instructor vi
,Preface to the Student x
Getting Started – What to Expect, The Scientific Method, and Metrics xii
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
Exercise 1 The Language of Anatomy 1
Exercise 2 Organ Systems Overview 10
THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USES
Exercise 3 The Microscope 21
THE CELL
Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and
Division: 30
Exercise 5A The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Permeability—Wet Lab 40
HISTOLOGY: BASIC TISSUES OF
THE BODY
Exercise 6A Classification of Tissues 48
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
AND BODY MEMBRANES
Exercise 7 The Integumentary System 67
Exercise 8 Classification of Covering and
Lining Membranes 77
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Exercise 9 Overview of the Skeleton:
Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages 81
Exercise 10 The Axial Skeleton 90
Exercise 11 The Appendicular Skeleton 105
Exercise 12 The Fetal Skeleton 117
Exercise 13 Articulations and Body Movements 119
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
, EXERCISE 14 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE 132
Exercise 15 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 137
Exercise 16A Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs and Human Subjects 167
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Exercise 17 Histology of Nervous Tissue 185
Exercise 18A Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Wet Lab 193
Exercise 19 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves 200
Exercise 20 Electroencephalography 219
Exercise 21 Spinal Cord, Spinal
Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System 226
Exercise 22 Human Reflex Physiology 247
Exercise 23 General Sensation 257
Exercise 24 Special Senses: Vision 264
Exercise 25 Special Senses: Hearing and
Equilibrium 278
Exercise 26 Special Senses: Olfaction and
Taste 288
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Exercise 27 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands 294
Exercise 28A Hormonal Action:Wet Lab 301
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Exercise 29A Blood 307
Exercise 30 Anatomy of the Heart 322
Exercise 31 Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography 332
Exercise 32 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 343
Exercise 33A Human Cardiovascular
Physiology: Blood Pressure
and Pulse Determinations 359
Exercise 34A Frog Cardiovascular Physiology: Wet Lab 372
Exercise 35 The Lymphatic System and Immune Response 383
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Laboratory Manual
Cat Version
Eighth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., PH.D.,
Holyoke Community College
PhysioEx™ Version 5.0 authored by
Peter Z. Zao,
North Idaho College;
Timothy Stabler, PH.D.,
Indiana University Northwest; and
Greta Peterson,
Middlesex Community College
Publisher: Daryl Fox
Sponsoring Editor: Serina Beauparlant
Project Editor: Mary Ann Murray
Development Manager: Claire Alexander
Managing Editor: Wendy Earl
Production Supervisor: Sharon Montooth
Editorial Assistant: Sarah Kaminker
Art Manager: Laura Southworth
Art and Photo Coordinator: Claudia Durrell
Photo Researcher: Diane Austin
Copyeditor: Carla Breidenbach
Text and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa
Compositer: GTS Graphics
PhysioEx™ Project Editor: Barbara Yien
PhysioEx™ Developers: Cadre Design
Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp
Cover credit: Brian Bailey/The Image Bank
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon
Human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual / Elaine N. Marieb; PhysioEx version authored by Peter Z. Zao and Timothy
Stabler.—8th ed, Cat version.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8053-5517-0
1. Human physiology—Laboratory manuals. 2. Human anatomy—Laboratory manuals. 3. Cat—Laboratory manuals. I. Title: Human
anatomy and physiology laboratory manual. II. Zao, Peter Z. III. Stabler, Timothy. IV. Zao, Peter Z. PhysioEx 5.0. V. Title PhysioEx 5.0.
VI. Title.
QP44.M34 2004b
612'.0078—dc22 2003069551
,Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA 94111. All
rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write
to: Pearson Education, Inc.,Rights and Permissions Department.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where
those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed
in initial caps or all caps.
Benjamin Cummings gratefully acknowledges Carolina Biological Supply for the use of numerous histology images found
on the PhysioEx CD-ROM.
The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted in conformity with the safety
precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety procedures, are reasonably safe for the student to whom this
manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the
failure or misuses of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, chemical spills, and exposure to sharp objects, heat, bodily
fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability arising from such risks in connection with any of the
experiments contained in this manual. If students have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any
experiment, they should always ask their instructor for help before proceeding.
ISBN 0-8053-5517-0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—VHP—08 07 06 05 04
www.aw-bc.comThe Benjamin Cummings Series
in Human Anatomy & Physiology
By R.A. Chase
The Bassett Atlas of Human Anatomy (1989)
By Kapit/Elson
The Anatomy Coloring Book, Third Edition (2002)
By Kapit/Macey/Meisami
The Physiology Coloring Book, Second Edition (2000)
By E.N. Marieb
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition (2004)
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Study Guide,
Sixth Edition (2004)
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version, Seventh Edition (2005)
Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig Version, Eighth Edition (2005)
Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections, Fourth Edition (2005)
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology,
Seventh Edition (2003)
The A&P Coloring Workbook: A Complete Study Guide, Seventh Edition (2003)
By E.N. Marieb, J. Mallatt, and P.B. Wilhelm
Human Anatomy, Fourth Edition (2005)
Contents
Preface to the Instructor vi
,Preface to the Student x
Getting Started – What to Expect, The Scientific Method, and Metrics xii
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
Exercise 1 The Language of Anatomy 1
Exercise 2 Organ Systems Overview 10
THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USES
Exercise 3 The Microscope 21
THE CELL
Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and
Division: 30
Exercise 5A The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Permeability—Wet Lab 40
HISTOLOGY: BASIC TISSUES OF
THE BODY
Exercise 6A Classification of Tissues 48
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
AND BODY MEMBRANES
Exercise 7 The Integumentary System 67
Exercise 8 Classification of Covering and
Lining Membranes 77
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Exercise 9 Overview of the Skeleton:
Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages 81
Exercise 10 The Axial Skeleton 90
Exercise 11 The Appendicular Skeleton 105
Exercise 12 The Fetal Skeleton 117
Exercise 13 Articulations and Body Movements 119
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
, EXERCISE 14 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE 132
Exercise 15 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 137
Exercise 16A Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs and Human Subjects 167
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Exercise 17 Histology of Nervous Tissue 185
Exercise 18A Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Wet Lab 193
Exercise 19 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves 200
Exercise 20 Electroencephalography 219
Exercise 21 Spinal Cord, Spinal
Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System 226
Exercise 22 Human Reflex Physiology 247
Exercise 23 General Sensation 257
Exercise 24 Special Senses: Vision 264
Exercise 25 Special Senses: Hearing and
Equilibrium 278
Exercise 26 Special Senses: Olfaction and
Taste 288
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Exercise 27 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands 294
Exercise 28A Hormonal Action:Wet Lab 301
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Exercise 29A Blood 307
Exercise 30 Anatomy of the Heart 322
Exercise 31 Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography 332
Exercise 32 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 343
Exercise 33A Human Cardiovascular
Physiology: Blood Pressure
and Pulse Determinations 359
Exercise 34A Frog Cardiovascular Physiology: Wet Lab 372
Exercise 35 The Lymphatic System and Immune Response 383
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
