Ana t o m y &
Physiology
W o r k b o o k
FOR
‰
DUMmIES
by Janet Rae-Dupree
and Pat DuPree
,Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River St.
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,
Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at http://
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The
Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com and related trade dress are trademarks or registered
trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used
without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not
associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND
SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PAR-
TICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE
ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD
WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR
OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT
PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR
DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS
A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR
THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMEN-
DATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK
MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S.
at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932378
ISBN: 978-0-470-16932-2
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
,About the Authors
Janet Rae-Dupree has been covering science and technology in Silicon Valley since 1993 for
a number of publications, including U.S. News & World Report, BusinessWeek, the San Jose
Mercury News, and the Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal. She was a frequent guest
on cable channel Tech TV’s “Silicon Spin” technology talk show, and she was part of the
Pulitzer Prize-winning team at the Los Angeles Times covering the city’s riots in 1992. During
the 2005–2006 academic year, Janet was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford
University, where she studied human biology and researched innovation and market transfer.
She freelances for various publications, working from her home in Half Moon Bay, California,
where she lives with husband, Dave Dupree, and their 9-year-old son, Matthew (although a
19-year-old calico cat named Trillian actually rules the roost).
Pat DuPree taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental
science for 24 years at several colleges and universities in Los Angeles County. She holds two
undergraduate life science degrees and a master’s degree from Auburn University and con-
ducted cancer research at Southern Research Institute in Birmingham, Alabama, before join-
ing the Muscogee Health Department in Columbus, Georgia. In 1970, she moved to Redondo
Beach, California, where she was a university instructor and raised her two sons, Dave
Dupree and Mark DuPree. Now Pat is retired and lives on lovely Pine Lake in rural Georgia
with her husband, Dr. James E. DuPree.
Dedication
To our loving family — Dave Dupree, Matthew Dupree, and Jim DuPree — for their patience
and understanding as we pulled this book together and put so many other aspects of our
lives on hold. To Dave, for being Mr. Fix-It on balky hard drives, recalcitrant computers, and
fussy printers; for distracting an antsy 8-year-old with baseball, movies, and games; and for
concocting terrific — and healthy! — home-cooked meals. To Matthew, for understanding
why Mommy couldn’t drive for every school field trip, attend every Cub Scout den meeting,
or set up play dates every single day of the week.
And especially from Pat to Jim for his love, enthusiastic support, assistance, and encourage-
ment without which she could not have finished this workbook.
Authors’ Acknowledgments
We owe gratitude to so many people, but this project has been first and foremost a DuPree
family affair. We will never be able to thank our spouses enough for their patience and under-
standing from beginning to end. Dr. James E. DuPree was a constant helpmate to Pat on the
East coast, providing research, editing, computer assistance, and graphics support as well as
priceless cheerleading and enthusiasm. Their son David E. Dupree filled the cheerleader role
on the West coast, keeping the computers and home network up and running, Janet focused
and on track, and the gaping child-rearing gaps filled while she pushed to get the book done
in what surely must be record time. And we can’t forget to thank son/grandson Matthew J.
Dupree for his stalwart patience while Mom and Grandmom focused their attentions on the
book instead of him.
We would also like to thank our agent, Matt Wagner, for his tireless efforts, as well as the
many devoted people at Wiley Publishing, particularly Stacy Kennedy, Chrissy Guthrie (who
welcomed Sophia Rose Guthrie into the world days after receiving the final manuscript!),
Stephen Clark, and Elizabeth Rea.
, Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at
www.dummies.com/register/.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services
Senior Project Editor: Christina Guthrie Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond
Project Editor: Stephen R. Clark Layout and Graphics: Stacie Brooks, Carrie A. Cesavice,
Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Denny Hager, Stephanie D. Jumper, Julie Trippetti,
Erin Zeltner
Senior Copy Editor: Elizabeth Rea
Special Art: Kathryn Born, M.A.
Technical Editor: Michael W. Pratt, PC
Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico
Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck
Proofreaders: Broccoli Information Management,
Editorial Assistants: Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen Cynthia Fields, John Greenough
Cover Photos: © Robin Lynne Gibson/Riser/Getty Images Indexer: Sherry Massey
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com)
Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies
Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies
Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies
Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel
Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel
Publishing for Technology Dummies
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User
Composition Services
Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
Physiology
W o r k b o o k
FOR
‰
DUMmIES
by Janet Rae-Dupree
and Pat DuPree
,Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River St.
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department,
Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, 317-572-3447, fax 317-572-4355, or online at http://
www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The
Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com and related trade dress are trademarks or registered
trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used
without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not
associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS
OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND
SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PAR-
TICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE
ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD
WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR
OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT
PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR
DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS
A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR
THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMEN-
DATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK
MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S.
at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932378
ISBN: 978-0-470-16932-2
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
,About the Authors
Janet Rae-Dupree has been covering science and technology in Silicon Valley since 1993 for
a number of publications, including U.S. News & World Report, BusinessWeek, the San Jose
Mercury News, and the Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal. She was a frequent guest
on cable channel Tech TV’s “Silicon Spin” technology talk show, and she was part of the
Pulitzer Prize-winning team at the Los Angeles Times covering the city’s riots in 1992. During
the 2005–2006 academic year, Janet was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford
University, where she studied human biology and researched innovation and market transfer.
She freelances for various publications, working from her home in Half Moon Bay, California,
where she lives with husband, Dave Dupree, and their 9-year-old son, Matthew (although a
19-year-old calico cat named Trillian actually rules the roost).
Pat DuPree taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental
science for 24 years at several colleges and universities in Los Angeles County. She holds two
undergraduate life science degrees and a master’s degree from Auburn University and con-
ducted cancer research at Southern Research Institute in Birmingham, Alabama, before join-
ing the Muscogee Health Department in Columbus, Georgia. In 1970, she moved to Redondo
Beach, California, where she was a university instructor and raised her two sons, Dave
Dupree and Mark DuPree. Now Pat is retired and lives on lovely Pine Lake in rural Georgia
with her husband, Dr. James E. DuPree.
Dedication
To our loving family — Dave Dupree, Matthew Dupree, and Jim DuPree — for their patience
and understanding as we pulled this book together and put so many other aspects of our
lives on hold. To Dave, for being Mr. Fix-It on balky hard drives, recalcitrant computers, and
fussy printers; for distracting an antsy 8-year-old with baseball, movies, and games; and for
concocting terrific — and healthy! — home-cooked meals. To Matthew, for understanding
why Mommy couldn’t drive for every school field trip, attend every Cub Scout den meeting,
or set up play dates every single day of the week.
And especially from Pat to Jim for his love, enthusiastic support, assistance, and encourage-
ment without which she could not have finished this workbook.
Authors’ Acknowledgments
We owe gratitude to so many people, but this project has been first and foremost a DuPree
family affair. We will never be able to thank our spouses enough for their patience and under-
standing from beginning to end. Dr. James E. DuPree was a constant helpmate to Pat on the
East coast, providing research, editing, computer assistance, and graphics support as well as
priceless cheerleading and enthusiasm. Their son David E. Dupree filled the cheerleader role
on the West coast, keeping the computers and home network up and running, Janet focused
and on track, and the gaping child-rearing gaps filled while she pushed to get the book done
in what surely must be record time. And we can’t forget to thank son/grandson Matthew J.
Dupree for his stalwart patience while Mom and Grandmom focused their attentions on the
book instead of him.
We would also like to thank our agent, Matt Wagner, for his tireless efforts, as well as the
many devoted people at Wiley Publishing, particularly Stacy Kennedy, Chrissy Guthrie (who
welcomed Sophia Rose Guthrie into the world days after receiving the final manuscript!),
Stephen Clark, and Elizabeth Rea.
, Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at
www.dummies.com/register/.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services
Senior Project Editor: Christina Guthrie Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond
Project Editor: Stephen R. Clark Layout and Graphics: Stacie Brooks, Carrie A. Cesavice,
Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Denny Hager, Stephanie D. Jumper, Julie Trippetti,
Erin Zeltner
Senior Copy Editor: Elizabeth Rea
Special Art: Kathryn Born, M.A.
Technical Editor: Michael W. Pratt, PC
Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico
Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck
Proofreaders: Broccoli Information Management,
Editorial Assistants: Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen Cynthia Fields, John Greenough
Cover Photos: © Robin Lynne Gibson/Riser/Getty Images Indexer: Sherry Massey
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com)
Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies
Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies
Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies
Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel
Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel
Publishing for Technology Dummies
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User
Composition Services
Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
