501 Study Guides
NURS 501 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Study Guide
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cells can
secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b. Peroxisomes d.
Oxyhydrosomes
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex d.
Lysosomes
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells
from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
cell membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in cytosol to the cell membrane.
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
, pumps? a. Lipids c. Proteins b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and
complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders c.
Gastrointestinal and renal disorders d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains.
b. Membrane channel proteins
c. Glycoprotein channels
d. Lipid bilayer (Phospholipids bi-layer)
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
a. How a cell membrane functions b. Why our bodies appear to be solid c.
How tissue is differentiated d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and
extracellular compartments
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other
cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. Extracellular
chemical messengers such as ligands
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormonal
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormone
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids b. Ribosomes d. Receptors
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
, a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules (involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as
neurotransmitters d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
16. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is
provided by which one?
a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. Adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
A.. Oxidative phosphorylation
B.. Lactolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. Passive transport
18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is
transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a. Anaerobic glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Oxidative cellular
metabolism d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
19. Passive transport is best described with which statement?
a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion.
b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported.
c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules.
d. Requiring energy generated by the cell
20. Active transport occurs across which type of membranes?
a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell
b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged
molecules
c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to
be transported
d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic
21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of
specificity for the substance being transported?
a. Active c. Transmembranous b. Mediated d. Passive
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
, a. Hydrostatic pressure c. Diffusion b. Osmosis d. Active transport
23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the
clinical assessment of individuals?
a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution.
b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes.
c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose,
rather than by water.
d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as
proteins and glucose.
24. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
a. Become hydrated c. Shrink b. Swell or burst d. Divide
25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
a. Active-mediated transport (active transport)
b. Active diffusion
c. Passive osmosis
d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
26. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:
a. Passive electrolyte channels b. Coupled
channels c. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
enzyme d. Diffusion
27. What occurs during exocytosis?
a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes.
b. All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix. c. No repairs in
the plasma membrane can take place. d. Solute molecules flow freely
into and out of the cell.
28. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?
a. Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
b. Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF). c.
The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. d. An
excess of anions are inside the cell.
29. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?
NURS 501 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Study Guide
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. Cells can
secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus b. Ribosome d. Lysosome
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction? a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes b. Peroxisomes d.
Oxyhydrosomes
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi complex d.
Lysosomes
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells
from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell
membrane.
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
cell membrane.
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in cytosol to the cell membrane.
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
, pumps? a. Lipids c. Proteins b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and
complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders c.
Gastrointestinal and renal disorders d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains.
b. Membrane channel proteins
c. Glycoprotein channels
d. Lipid bilayer (Phospholipids bi-layer)
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
a. How a cell membrane functions b. Why our bodies appear to be solid c.
How tissue is differentiated d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and
extracellular compartments
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other
cells in direct physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. Extracellular
chemical messengers such as ligands
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormonal
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized?
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter b. Autocrine d. Hormone
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids b. Ribosomes d. Receptors
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
, a. Protein channel (gap junction) b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling
molecules (involving receptors) c. Hormone secretion such as
neurotransmitters d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
16. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is
provided by which one?
a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. Adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
A.. Oxidative phosphorylation
B.. Lactolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. Passive transport
18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is
transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a. Anaerobic glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation b. Oxidative cellular
metabolism d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
19. Passive transport is best described with which statement?
a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion.
b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported.
c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules.
d. Requiring energy generated by the cell
20. Active transport occurs across which type of membranes?
a. Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell
b. Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged
molecules
c. Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to
be transported
d. Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic
21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of
specificity for the substance being transported?
a. Active c. Transmembranous b. Mediated d. Passive
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
, a. Hydrostatic pressure c. Diffusion b. Osmosis d. Active transport
23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the
clinical assessment of individuals?
a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution.
b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes.
c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose,
rather than by water.
d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as
proteins and glucose.
24. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
a. Become hydrated c. Shrink b. Swell or burst d. Divide
25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
a. Active-mediated transport (active transport)
b. Active diffusion
c. Passive osmosis
d. Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
26. Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:
a. Passive electrolyte channels b. Coupled
channels c. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
enzyme d. Diffusion
27. What occurs during exocytosis?
a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes.
b. All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix. c. No repairs in
the plasma membrane can take place. d. Solute molecules flow freely
into and out of the cell.
28. Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?
a. Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
b. Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF). c.
The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. d. An
excess of anions are inside the cell.
29. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?
