2022
GCU NUR-635
Mid-Term Study
Guide
don m.
,GCU NUR-635 Mid-Term Study Guide 2022 Dr. Don M.
- Pharmacology (from the Greek word ‘pharmakon,’meaning drug): the study of drugs and
their structure, targets of action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution (how the
body disburses them throughout the body), desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and
undesirable side effects (toxicity).
-
Pharmacokinetics includes ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
- Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood/plasma.
- Distribution: reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid.
- Metabolism: drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways, primarily the liver, or
by other tissues.
- Elimination: how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
Absorption Factors:
- Gastrointestinal pH changes
- Gastric emptying
- Gastric/intestinal enzymes
- Bile acids & biliary function
- Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
- Food & nutrient interactions (most common interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
- Lipid solubility of the drug
Distribution:
- Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site of action
- Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug passage into and out of brain tissue
- Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma proteins do not cross membranes (Note:
Malnutrition = albumin = free drug = greater pharmacologic response)
- Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma proteins
- Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in adipose tissue; remain in the body
for a longer period of time
-
Volume of distribution
• Body Composition
• Total body water and extracellular fluid
• Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
• Protein Binding (changes with aging)
• Albumin, bilirubin, 𝛼1-acid glycoprotein
• Albumin affected by nutrition
, • Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less protein-bound drug reaching the
tissue site of action.
• Tissue Binding
• Compositional changes
Metabolism:
• Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, liver, intestines and kidney
• Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
• The body changes drugs to more or less active forms (metabolites), increases water
solubility to increase elimination.
Phase I Metabolism:
• Cytochrome P450 system
• Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes.
• Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450 system undergoes
oxidation or reduction.
• Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
• Enzyme induction
• Drug interactions
CYP450:
• CYP: a set of isozymes primarily found in the liver and GI tract
• Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and soluble) molecules
• Four isozymes are responsible for the majority of Phase I reactions
1. CYP3A4/5
2. CYP2D6
3. CYP2C8/9
4. CYP1A2
• Considerable genetic variability exists across race and gender
• Results in CYP450 polymorphisms which have a direct effect on drug metabolism.
• If you have a patient experiencing a pharmacokinetic drug interaction, consider
CYP450.
• Some drugs or exogenous substances can induce CYP isozymes (less effect)
• Example: St. John’s wort (CYP3A4) and hormonal birth control
• Some drugs can inhibit CYP isozymes (causes greater effect of substrate drugs)
• CYP450-related drug interactions can make predicting blood plasma levels/steady
state levels difficult.
• If a drug inhibits enzymatic activity, a substrate drug for that enzyme system will
have a greater concentration in the blood.
Phase II Metabolism:
• Polar group is conjugated to the drug
• Results in increased polarity of the drug
• Types of reactions
GCU NUR-635
Mid-Term Study
Guide
don m.
,GCU NUR-635 Mid-Term Study Guide 2022 Dr. Don M.
- Pharmacology (from the Greek word ‘pharmakon,’meaning drug): the study of drugs and
their structure, targets of action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution (how the
body disburses them throughout the body), desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and
undesirable side effects (toxicity).
-
Pharmacokinetics includes ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
- Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into
the blood/plasma.
- Distribution: reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular fluid.
- Metabolism: drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways, primarily the liver, or
by other tissues.
- Elimination: how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
Absorption Factors:
- Gastrointestinal pH changes
- Gastric emptying
- Gastric/intestinal enzymes
- Bile acids & biliary function
- Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
- Food & nutrient interactions (most common interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
- Lipid solubility of the drug
Distribution:
- Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site of action
- Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug passage into and out of brain tissue
- Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma proteins do not cross membranes (Note:
Malnutrition = albumin = free drug = greater pharmacologic response)
- Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma proteins
- Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in adipose tissue; remain in the body
for a longer period of time
-
Volume of distribution
• Body Composition
• Total body water and extracellular fluid
• Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
• Protein Binding (changes with aging)
• Albumin, bilirubin, 𝛼1-acid glycoprotein
• Albumin affected by nutrition
, • Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less protein-bound drug reaching the
tissue site of action.
• Tissue Binding
• Compositional changes
Metabolism:
• Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, liver, intestines and kidney
• Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
• The body changes drugs to more or less active forms (metabolites), increases water
solubility to increase elimination.
Phase I Metabolism:
• Cytochrome P450 system
• Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes.
• Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450 system undergoes
oxidation or reduction.
• Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
• Enzyme induction
• Drug interactions
CYP450:
• CYP: a set of isozymes primarily found in the liver and GI tract
• Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and soluble) molecules
• Four isozymes are responsible for the majority of Phase I reactions
1. CYP3A4/5
2. CYP2D6
3. CYP2C8/9
4. CYP1A2
• Considerable genetic variability exists across race and gender
• Results in CYP450 polymorphisms which have a direct effect on drug metabolism.
• If you have a patient experiencing a pharmacokinetic drug interaction, consider
CYP450.
• Some drugs or exogenous substances can induce CYP isozymes (less effect)
• Example: St. John’s wort (CYP3A4) and hormonal birth control
• Some drugs can inhibit CYP isozymes (causes greater effect of substrate drugs)
• CYP450-related drug interactions can make predicting blood plasma levels/steady
state levels difficult.
• If a drug inhibits enzymatic activity, a substrate drug for that enzyme system will
have a greater concentration in the blood.
Phase II Metabolism:
• Polar group is conjugated to the drug
• Results in increased polarity of the drug
• Types of reactions
