BIOLOGY 171 BIO 171 / BIO171 MICROBIO EXAM

PORTAGE LEARNING BIOLOGY 171 BIO 171 / BIO171 MICROBIO EXAM 1. A virus is classified as a microbe.True. Although viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms, they can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses. 2. True or False: The smallest biological unit of life is the molecule.False. The smallest biological unit of life is the cell. 3. What are the 4 main types of macromolecules found in cells?Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Polysaccharide 1. Proteins are formed from various combinations of of which there are known forms.Amino acids, 20 2. How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids?9 1. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. 1. Complete the following RNA strand and indicate how many bonds are formed for each complementary pair: 3’ GGUCAUCG 5’ 5’ CC AGC 3’ 3’ GGUCAUCG 5’ 5’ CCAGUAGC 3’ There are 2 bonds formed between A and U, and 3 bonds between G and C. 1. The plasma membrane (select all that are true):BD A. Only restricts movement of materials into the cell B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids C. Cannot prevent essential nutrients from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward 2. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? Give an example.Polysaccharides. Glucose, sucrose and cellulose are all acceptable answers. True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a membrane- enclosed region.False. Only eukaryotic cells contain its genetic material within a nucleus True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea.True Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies.Coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew). True or False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions.True. Archaea can often be found in harsh conditions such as high salt levels, high acid conditions, high temperatures and even oxygen-poor conditions. 1. Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism?B A. Bacteria B. Eukarya C. Archaea D. Virus 2. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are autotropic.False—they are heterotropic. 3. Microorganisms classified as obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy.Plantae 1. A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also contain chitin? Select all that apply.ACD A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds 2. True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers.True. 1. Cell walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply):A, B, C, E A. Plants B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Mammalian cells E. Algae 2. The function of the ribosome is (select all that apply):B A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes 1. True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.True. 2. True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions.False. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. 3. What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction?Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction. 1. Define anabolism.Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes. 2. In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active? Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of protein. 1. Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP.ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP). 2. An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called a ? Phototrophic microorganism. An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would be classified as a ?Lithotroph 4. A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process?B A. Photophosphorylation B. Substrate-level phosphorylation C. Oxidative phosphorylation 1. The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fermentation or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC). 2. What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose?The electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or respiration) each yield only 2 ATP. 3. Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation: Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP The reactants are to the left of the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+ 4. The presence of what molecule ‘signals’ to the cell that glycolysis is about to start?Glucose-6- phosphate (G6P) 5. True or False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP.False. Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+ 1. What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.CD A. NAD+ B. FAD C. NADH D. FADH2 2. True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the electron transport system.False. The products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron carriers) enter and drive the production of ATP via the electron transport system. 1. In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as alternative energy sources? Select all that apply.A, C, D can all be used as alternative energy sources A. Lactose B. Nucleic acids C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids. 2. For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used? Select all that apply.B and D. Proteases breakdown proteins while lipases breakdown lipids. A. Ligases B. Proteases C. Transferases D. Lipases 3. True or False. The β-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids.True 1. True or False. Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts.False. Chloroplasts are specific to algae and plants only. 2. The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reactants: select all that apply.A, C, D, and E. Carbon fixation uses the ATP/NADPH produced during light reactions to convert CO2 and H2O into useful sources of energy (carbohydrates). A. ATP B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate C. CO2 D. NADPH E. H2O 1. What is one of the main functions of light reactions? Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main functions is to generate a proton concentration gradient to generate ATP. 2. True or False: Dark reactions can occur in the presence or absence of light. True. The term ‘dark reactions’ (also known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in photosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order to occur. 1. How many turns (or repititions) of the Calvin Cycle are required to generate one molecule of