RUSSIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY
2. The main stages in the development of the country of the Soviets in the
pre-war period (X. 1917 - VI. 1941).
The formation of Soviet power. The October Revolution destroyed the
existing system of power. New power structures were created with great
difficulty. The old state officials refused to serve the new government, and the
Bolsheviks were forced to involve in the management of untrained workers from
among the workers and peasants, often completely illiterate. As a result, the
quality of management has sharply declined. The formation of Soviet power in
the localities proceeded simultaneously with the Bolshevization of the Soviets.
The overthrown Provisional Government at one time scheduled elections to
the Constituent Assembly for November 12 (25), 1917. The Bolshevik government
did not dare to cancel them. Elections were held in November-December 1917.
The Bolsheviks received only 24% of the seats. The Constituent Assembly, which
began its work on January 5 (18), 1918, refused to discuss the Bolshevik
"Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People." The Bolsheviks
left the meeting hall in protest. On January 6 (19), 1918, the Constituent Assembly
was dissolved by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
On January 12 (25), 1918, the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of
Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies approved the "Declaration of the
Rights of the Working and Exploited People", which consolidated the provisions of
the first decrees of Soviet power.
Since there was no response from the Entente countries to the proposal of
the Soviet government to all the belligerent states to start negotiations on peace,
it was decided to negotiate with Germany independently. November 20, 1917an
armistice was signed in Brest-Litovsk, on December 9, 1917, negotiations began
, with Germany on the conclusion of a peace treaty. The negotiations were difficult,
and the agreement was signed only on March 3, 1918. The peace treaty with
Germany meant Russia's exit from the world war.
Civil war and military intervention. Russia's withdrawal from the war
complicated the further participation of the Entente countries in it. They also
could not come to terms with the loss of their loans and deposits in Russia and
sought to prevent the impact of the October Revolution on other countries.
Therefore, Western countries decided to intervene militarily in the affairs of
Russia.
English, French, and then American troops landed at Murmansk and
Arkhangelsk; Japanese, English and American - in Vladivostok; English troops
appeared in Central Asia and Transcaucasia; the west of the country was occupied
by Germany. At the end of May 1918, officers and soldiers of the Czechoslovak
corps, located in Russia, rebelled against the Soviet government.
The Bolsheviks took measures to increase the size and combat capability of
the Red Army. At the end of May 1918, universal military service was introduced.
New connections were formed. Courses were created to train command
personnel. Measures were taken to involve officers and generals of the former
tsarist army in the Red Army.
The fate of Soviet power was then decided in the Volga region. Here the
Bolsheviks formed the Eastern Front. As a result of the mobilizations carried out,
it was possible to create a numerical superiority of the Red Army over the enemy
and, in September-October 1918, liberate Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, and approach
the Urals by winter.
In November 1918a revolution took place in Germany, and she was forced
to admit defeat in the world war. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of
2. The main stages in the development of the country of the Soviets in the
pre-war period (X. 1917 - VI. 1941).
The formation of Soviet power. The October Revolution destroyed the
existing system of power. New power structures were created with great
difficulty. The old state officials refused to serve the new government, and the
Bolsheviks were forced to involve in the management of untrained workers from
among the workers and peasants, often completely illiterate. As a result, the
quality of management has sharply declined. The formation of Soviet power in
the localities proceeded simultaneously with the Bolshevization of the Soviets.
The overthrown Provisional Government at one time scheduled elections to
the Constituent Assembly for November 12 (25), 1917. The Bolshevik government
did not dare to cancel them. Elections were held in November-December 1917.
The Bolsheviks received only 24% of the seats. The Constituent Assembly, which
began its work on January 5 (18), 1918, refused to discuss the Bolshevik
"Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People." The Bolsheviks
left the meeting hall in protest. On January 6 (19), 1918, the Constituent Assembly
was dissolved by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
On January 12 (25), 1918, the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of
Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies approved the "Declaration of the
Rights of the Working and Exploited People", which consolidated the provisions of
the first decrees of Soviet power.
Since there was no response from the Entente countries to the proposal of
the Soviet government to all the belligerent states to start negotiations on peace,
it was decided to negotiate with Germany independently. November 20, 1917an
armistice was signed in Brest-Litovsk, on December 9, 1917, negotiations began
, with Germany on the conclusion of a peace treaty. The negotiations were difficult,
and the agreement was signed only on March 3, 1918. The peace treaty with
Germany meant Russia's exit from the world war.
Civil war and military intervention. Russia's withdrawal from the war
complicated the further participation of the Entente countries in it. They also
could not come to terms with the loss of their loans and deposits in Russia and
sought to prevent the impact of the October Revolution on other countries.
Therefore, Western countries decided to intervene militarily in the affairs of
Russia.
English, French, and then American troops landed at Murmansk and
Arkhangelsk; Japanese, English and American - in Vladivostok; English troops
appeared in Central Asia and Transcaucasia; the west of the country was occupied
by Germany. At the end of May 1918, officers and soldiers of the Czechoslovak
corps, located in Russia, rebelled against the Soviet government.
The Bolsheviks took measures to increase the size and combat capability of
the Red Army. At the end of May 1918, universal military service was introduced.
New connections were formed. Courses were created to train command
personnel. Measures were taken to involve officers and generals of the former
tsarist army in the Red Army.
The fate of Soviet power was then decided in the Volga region. Here the
Bolsheviks formed the Eastern Front. As a result of the mobilizations carried out,
it was possible to create a numerical superiority of the Red Army over the enemy
and, in September-October 1918, liberate Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, and approach
the Urals by winter.
In November 1918a revolution took place in Germany, and she was forced
to admit defeat in the world war. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of
