NURSING 602: FINAL EXAM Q & A
What cancer is the most frequently diagnosed in
females? Breast
Which ethnic group is more likely to develop breast ca?
Caucasians
What are some risk factors for breast ca?
-Increasing age
-Dense breast tissue
-Prolonged estrogen exposure (menarche <12yo, 1st term pregn >35yo, nulliparity, never
breastfeeding, contraceptives w/exogenous hormones, menopause >55yo, postmenopausal
hormone therapy)
-Fam h/o breast ca (esp. 1st degree relative)
,-Personal h/o breast ca
-H/o benign breast dz (nonproliferative = slight risk, proliferative = high risk)
-Obesity in postmenopause
-Inherited gene mutations
-High dose radiation exposure to chest area at <20yo
->3 ETOH drinks/day
-Emerging/unclear risk factors (tobacco, phys. inactivity, high fat diet, night shift)
What are some assessment findings in breast ca?
-Painless, firm, fixed mass (most common symptom; no changes in mass w/menstruation)
-Nipple discharge that's not breast milk
-Skin/nipple changes (dimpling, skin ulceration, lymphedema, nipple retraction, scaly nipple
lesion or eczematous rash i.e. Paget's)
-Increased vascular pattern of breast
-Significant asymmetry of breasts
-Axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular lymph node enlargement
,-Late findings: wt loss, anorexia, bone pain, anemia
What are some diff dx for breast ca?
-Breast cysts
-Fibroadenoma
-Sclerosing adenosis
-Intraductal papilloma
-Hyperplasia
, -Radial scars
-Mastitis
What are some diagnostic studies for breast ca?
-Mammo
-US (differentiates fluid-filled cyst from solid mass)
-MRI
-Breast thermography (digital infrared thermal imaging)
-Fine needle or core bx
-Incisional or excisional bx
What are some preventions for breast ca?
-Screening (varies by expert organization)
-More frequent mammo or MRI for higher risk women
-Annual screening starting at 40yo (ACOG, ACOR, ACS, NCCN)
What cancer is the most frequently diagnosed in
females? Breast
Which ethnic group is more likely to develop breast ca?
Caucasians
What are some risk factors for breast ca?
-Increasing age
-Dense breast tissue
-Prolonged estrogen exposure (menarche <12yo, 1st term pregn >35yo, nulliparity, never
breastfeeding, contraceptives w/exogenous hormones, menopause >55yo, postmenopausal
hormone therapy)
-Fam h/o breast ca (esp. 1st degree relative)
,-Personal h/o breast ca
-H/o benign breast dz (nonproliferative = slight risk, proliferative = high risk)
-Obesity in postmenopause
-Inherited gene mutations
-High dose radiation exposure to chest area at <20yo
->3 ETOH drinks/day
-Emerging/unclear risk factors (tobacco, phys. inactivity, high fat diet, night shift)
What are some assessment findings in breast ca?
-Painless, firm, fixed mass (most common symptom; no changes in mass w/menstruation)
-Nipple discharge that's not breast milk
-Skin/nipple changes (dimpling, skin ulceration, lymphedema, nipple retraction, scaly nipple
lesion or eczematous rash i.e. Paget's)
-Increased vascular pattern of breast
-Significant asymmetry of breasts
-Axillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular lymph node enlargement
,-Late findings: wt loss, anorexia, bone pain, anemia
What are some diff dx for breast ca?
-Breast cysts
-Fibroadenoma
-Sclerosing adenosis
-Intraductal papilloma
-Hyperplasia
, -Radial scars
-Mastitis
What are some diagnostic studies for breast ca?
-Mammo
-US (differentiates fluid-filled cyst from solid mass)
-MRI
-Breast thermography (digital infrared thermal imaging)
-Fine needle or core bx
-Incisional or excisional bx
What are some preventions for breast ca?
-Screening (varies by expert organization)
-More frequent mammo or MRI for higher risk women
-Annual screening starting at 40yo (ACOG, ACOR, ACS, NCCN)
