NSG 310 FINAL EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Topic 1
1. Examine the historical foundations of the nursing profession.
• nursing history provides students with a: sense of professional identity, useful
methodological research skill, context for evaluating information
• American Civil War- Volunteer women demonstrated effectiveness of skilled nursing on
improving outcomes, Emergence of nurse training schools
• First Three Training Schools for Nurses- nurses under superintendent, graduate private
duty nurses, long days of patient service, training at end of day spent in the ward
• 1901: Army Nurse Corps, 1908: Navy Nurse Corps
• World War I: American red cross and Jane Delano
• Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States &Canada:
Focus: Advance and standardize training of nurses (Renamed the ANA)
• Progressive Era and Community Health Nursing- started prevention and health promotion
• 1930s: improve economy = graduate nurses are better, new hospital income, affordable
nurse wages = surplus of graduate nurses willing to work for minimum wage
• 1941: World war II-
o 1943: Frances Payne Bolton, U.S. Congress, authorized bill → U.S. Public Health
Service established Cadet Nurse Corp, whose focus was to increase the number of
professional nurses by financially subsidizing nursing education
• Cadet Nurse Corps- allowed nurses to be in school with free tuition but
practice nursing in the military
• Redesign of nursing edu.
• 1950s- hospitals hired nurses more but still clashed w/physicians and admins
• Rockefeller Foundation endowed the establishment of two university-based nursing
schools, Yale (1924) and Vanderbilt (1930)
• 1920 and 1930s- Premise of Baccalaureate Programs
• African American Nurses-
o Late 1800s: Separate hospitals and schools
o 1952: All state nurses associations had dissolved racial restrictions
o 1971: National Black Nurses Association
• Male nurses-
o Selective Services Act: Male nurses were denied professional status and served as
enlisted personnel in health-related positions
o 1955: Korean Conflict: Legislation allowed appointment of male nurses as reserve
officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force
• Post WWII:
o Hill-Burton Act of 1946: Federal funds for hospital construction and new health
centers, Advances in medicine
• Nursing shortage- Growing elderly population, crowding and restricted admissions
o 1964: Nurse Training Act: Scholarships, loans, recruitment, school construction
and maintenance, and special educational projects
o 1950 to 1967
, • Registered nurses: Increased by 67%
• Practical nurses: Increased by 134%
• Nursing aides: Increased by 244%
2. Identify key figures in the development of the art and science of nursing practice.
• Florence Nightingale
o Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration.
o Developed the first organized program for training nurses
o First practicing nurse epidemiologist.
o Volunteered (lady with lamp) during Crimean War
o Nursing as in charge of someone’s health
o Improved sanitation- cholera and dysentery
• Lillian Wald: Established role for nursing in the community because the needs of NY
residents were limitless. Founded the National Organization for Public Health Nursing in
1912, Worked with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company,
• Mary Brewster: Henry Street Settlement House and Henry Street Visiting Nurse Services
• Mildred Montag: Associate Degree Nursing Programs
3. Compare and contrast various nursing theories and theoretical frameworks that underpin
nursing practice.
• Nightingale- environment is critical to health, nurse’s role in caring is to provide a clean,
quiet, peaceful environment to promote healing (Sunlight, ventilation, fresh air, light,
warmth, cleanliness, quiet and proper selection and admin of diet, patient never
awakened, variety of color/objects). N’s intent was to describe nursing and provide
guidelines for nursing edu.
o Nursing: nursing is a service to humanity intended to relieve pain and suffering.
Role is to promote or provide proper environment for patients.
• Rogers- individual is viewed as an irreducible energy field, made whole with the
environment. nurses promote interactions between humans and environments.
o Nursing: should be concerned w/studying the nature and direction of unitary
human development integral with the environment and with evolving descriptive,
explanatory, and predictive principles for use in nursing practice.
• Orem- individual practices self-care, a set of learned behaviors, to sustain life, maintain
or restore functioning, and bring about a condition of well-being. Nurses assists client
with self-care when they experience a deficit in ability to perform.
o Nursing: assists client with self-care to sustain life and health, recover from
disease or injury, and cope with their effects. Nurse chooses actions from nursing
systems designed to bring desirable conditions in persons and environment.
• Roy- individual is a biopsychosocial adaptive system, and the nurse promotes adaptation
by modifying external stimuli.
o Nursing: nurses act to modify stimuli affecting adaptation by increasing,
decreasing, or maintaining stimuli. Nurse promotes adaptation in physiological,
self-concept, role function, and interdependence.
• Neuman- wholistic view of the client system, including the concepts of open system,
environment, stressors, prevention, & reconstitution. Nursing concerned w/whole person.
ANSWERS
Topic 1
1. Examine the historical foundations of the nursing profession.
• nursing history provides students with a: sense of professional identity, useful
methodological research skill, context for evaluating information
• American Civil War- Volunteer women demonstrated effectiveness of skilled nursing on
improving outcomes, Emergence of nurse training schools
• First Three Training Schools for Nurses- nurses under superintendent, graduate private
duty nurses, long days of patient service, training at end of day spent in the ward
• 1901: Army Nurse Corps, 1908: Navy Nurse Corps
• World War I: American red cross and Jane Delano
• Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States &Canada:
Focus: Advance and standardize training of nurses (Renamed the ANA)
• Progressive Era and Community Health Nursing- started prevention and health promotion
• 1930s: improve economy = graduate nurses are better, new hospital income, affordable
nurse wages = surplus of graduate nurses willing to work for minimum wage
• 1941: World war II-
o 1943: Frances Payne Bolton, U.S. Congress, authorized bill → U.S. Public Health
Service established Cadet Nurse Corp, whose focus was to increase the number of
professional nurses by financially subsidizing nursing education
• Cadet Nurse Corps- allowed nurses to be in school with free tuition but
practice nursing in the military
• Redesign of nursing edu.
• 1950s- hospitals hired nurses more but still clashed w/physicians and admins
• Rockefeller Foundation endowed the establishment of two university-based nursing
schools, Yale (1924) and Vanderbilt (1930)
• 1920 and 1930s- Premise of Baccalaureate Programs
• African American Nurses-
o Late 1800s: Separate hospitals and schools
o 1952: All state nurses associations had dissolved racial restrictions
o 1971: National Black Nurses Association
• Male nurses-
o Selective Services Act: Male nurses were denied professional status and served as
enlisted personnel in health-related positions
o 1955: Korean Conflict: Legislation allowed appointment of male nurses as reserve
officers in the Army, Navy, and Air Force
• Post WWII:
o Hill-Burton Act of 1946: Federal funds for hospital construction and new health
centers, Advances in medicine
• Nursing shortage- Growing elderly population, crowding and restricted admissions
o 1964: Nurse Training Act: Scholarships, loans, recruitment, school construction
and maintenance, and special educational projects
o 1950 to 1967
, • Registered nurses: Increased by 67%
• Practical nurses: Increased by 134%
• Nursing aides: Increased by 244%
2. Identify key figures in the development of the art and science of nursing practice.
• Florence Nightingale
o Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration.
o Developed the first organized program for training nurses
o First practicing nurse epidemiologist.
o Volunteered (lady with lamp) during Crimean War
o Nursing as in charge of someone’s health
o Improved sanitation- cholera and dysentery
• Lillian Wald: Established role for nursing in the community because the needs of NY
residents were limitless. Founded the National Organization for Public Health Nursing in
1912, Worked with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company,
• Mary Brewster: Henry Street Settlement House and Henry Street Visiting Nurse Services
• Mildred Montag: Associate Degree Nursing Programs
3. Compare and contrast various nursing theories and theoretical frameworks that underpin
nursing practice.
• Nightingale- environment is critical to health, nurse’s role in caring is to provide a clean,
quiet, peaceful environment to promote healing (Sunlight, ventilation, fresh air, light,
warmth, cleanliness, quiet and proper selection and admin of diet, patient never
awakened, variety of color/objects). N’s intent was to describe nursing and provide
guidelines for nursing edu.
o Nursing: nursing is a service to humanity intended to relieve pain and suffering.
Role is to promote or provide proper environment for patients.
• Rogers- individual is viewed as an irreducible energy field, made whole with the
environment. nurses promote interactions between humans and environments.
o Nursing: should be concerned w/studying the nature and direction of unitary
human development integral with the environment and with evolving descriptive,
explanatory, and predictive principles for use in nursing practice.
• Orem- individual practices self-care, a set of learned behaviors, to sustain life, maintain
or restore functioning, and bring about a condition of well-being. Nurses assists client
with self-care when they experience a deficit in ability to perform.
o Nursing: assists client with self-care to sustain life and health, recover from
disease or injury, and cope with their effects. Nurse chooses actions from nursing
systems designed to bring desirable conditions in persons and environment.
• Roy- individual is a biopsychosocial adaptive system, and the nurse promotes adaptation
by modifying external stimuli.
o Nursing: nurses act to modify stimuli affecting adaptation by increasing,
decreasing, or maintaining stimuli. Nurse promotes adaptation in physiological,
self-concept, role function, and interdependence.
• Neuman- wholistic view of the client system, including the concepts of open system,
environment, stressors, prevention, & reconstitution. Nursing concerned w/whole person.
