PATHO NR283 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
PATHO NR283 Patho Exam
1 Study Guide
Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
Atrophy:
▪ Decrease in the size of cells
▪ Results in reduced tissue mass
▪ Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutrition, decrease neurologic or
hormonal stimulation, aging
Hypertrophy:
▪ Increase in cell size
▪ Results in enlarged tissue mass; ex) enlarged heart w/ heart failure
▪ Causes: additional work by the tissue( lifting weights), excessive hormonal stimulation
Hyperplasia:
▪ Increased number of cells
▪ Results in enlarged tissue mass ex) uterus in pregnancy
▪ Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a
hormonal imbalance
Metaplasia:
▪ Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
▪ Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue
Dysplasia:
▪ Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
▪ Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change
Anaplasia:
▪ Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
▪ Characteristic of cancer
Neoplasia:
▪ New growth
▪ Commonly called tumor
Causes of cell death:
1. Ischemia: Most common cause of cell death; Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue
or organ due to circulation obstruction
2. Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in tissues/blood; Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular
metabolism
3. Physical damage: extreme heat/ cold
4. Mechanical damage: pressure, tumor, obstruction
,PATHO NR283 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
5. Chemical toxins: exogenous-pollution endogenous-free radicals
6. Microorganisms/pathogens -bacteria/viruses
Stages
1. Initial: start; loss of function; reversible
, PATHO NR283 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
2. Irreversible: Cell death
Aptosis:
▪ Normal; refers to programmed cell death
Necrosis:
▪ Group of cells die due to cell injury
Gangrene:
▪ Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Chapter 20
Differentiation:
▪ Each cell type differentiates/matures and carries out specific functions
▪ The structure reflects the function of the tissue
Benign:
▪ Have tissue name plus the suffix –oma
▪ Differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate but still normal; slower growth;
▪ Do NOT spread
▪ Localized
▪ Encapsulated
▪ Tissue damage to adjacent cells from pressure
▪ Rare systemic manifestations
Malignant:
▪ Have the tissue name plus the suffix –carcinoma
▪ Sarcomas: tumor of the connective tissue... Often malignant
▪ Undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
▪ Rapid reproduction
▪ Infiltrate and spread to surrounding tissue
▪ No Capsule
▪ Spread to different sites
▪ Normal cell destruction
▪ Systemic manifestation present
Cancer risk factors:
1. Environment
2. Genetics
3. Infections
4. Chemicals/toxins
5. Biological factors
6. Age
7. Diet
8. Hormones (^ estrogen levels= breast cancer)
PATHO NR283 Patho Exam
1 Study Guide
Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
Atrophy:
▪ Decrease in the size of cells
▪ Results in reduced tissue mass
▪ Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutrition, decrease neurologic or
hormonal stimulation, aging
Hypertrophy:
▪ Increase in cell size
▪ Results in enlarged tissue mass; ex) enlarged heart w/ heart failure
▪ Causes: additional work by the tissue( lifting weights), excessive hormonal stimulation
Hyperplasia:
▪ Increased number of cells
▪ Results in enlarged tissue mass ex) uterus in pregnancy
▪ Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a
hormonal imbalance
Metaplasia:
▪ Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
▪ Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue
Dysplasia:
▪ Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
▪ Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change
Anaplasia:
▪ Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
▪ Characteristic of cancer
Neoplasia:
▪ New growth
▪ Commonly called tumor
Causes of cell death:
1. Ischemia: Most common cause of cell death; Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue
or organ due to circulation obstruction
2. Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in tissues/blood; Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular
metabolism
3. Physical damage: extreme heat/ cold
4. Mechanical damage: pressure, tumor, obstruction
,PATHO NR283 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
5. Chemical toxins: exogenous-pollution endogenous-free radicals
6. Microorganisms/pathogens -bacteria/viruses
Stages
1. Initial: start; loss of function; reversible
, PATHO NR283 Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
2. Irreversible: Cell death
Aptosis:
▪ Normal; refers to programmed cell death
Necrosis:
▪ Group of cells die due to cell injury
Gangrene:
▪ Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Chapter 20
Differentiation:
▪ Each cell type differentiates/matures and carries out specific functions
▪ The structure reflects the function of the tissue
Benign:
▪ Have tissue name plus the suffix –oma
▪ Differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate but still normal; slower growth;
▪ Do NOT spread
▪ Localized
▪ Encapsulated
▪ Tissue damage to adjacent cells from pressure
▪ Rare systemic manifestations
Malignant:
▪ Have the tissue name plus the suffix –carcinoma
▪ Sarcomas: tumor of the connective tissue... Often malignant
▪ Undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
▪ Rapid reproduction
▪ Infiltrate and spread to surrounding tissue
▪ No Capsule
▪ Spread to different sites
▪ Normal cell destruction
▪ Systemic manifestation present
Cancer risk factors:
1. Environment
2. Genetics
3. Infections
4. Chemicals/toxins
5. Biological factors
6. Age
7. Diet
8. Hormones (^ estrogen levels= breast cancer)
