BIOL 235/ BIOL-3221 HUMAN ANATOMY LECTURE 1 EXAM NOTES
Human
AnatomyBIOL-
3221
Lecture 1:
Human Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body
- One of the oldest scientific disciplines
- Intricately linked to Physiology
Gross and microscopic anatomy of
- Integumentary system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiorespiratory system
- Lymphatic system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive systems
Anatomical Planes/ Directions
Axial vs. Appendicular Regions
- Axial region: refers to the main axis of the body
o Head, neck, trunk
- Appendicular region: refers to the limbs (appendages)
o Arms, legs
Directional Terms
- Pairs of terms to indicate the spatial relationship between 2 anatomical parts
- Superior (Toward the head; above)/Inferior (away from the head; below)
- Superficial (external; toward the surface)/Deep (internal; away from the
surface)Anatomical Planes
- Sections, or images of sections are taken to study anatomy
- 3 main planes:
o Median (sagittal)
o Frontal
o Transvers
eBody Cavities &
Membranes
- Dorsal Cavity
o Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavities
- Ventral Cavity
o Thoracic cavity
▪ Pleural cavities (lungs)
▪ Pericardial cavity (heart)
o Abdominopelvic cavity
▪ Abdominal cavity
▪ Pelvic cavity
Serous Membranes/Fluid
- Pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities all lined by a serous membrane (pl. serosae)
Imaging Techniques
- Microscopy
- X-ray
- Computed tomography (CT) scan
,- Angiography
, - Positron Emission Tomography
- Sonography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- What are the pros and cons of each of these techniques? Which type of tissue they useful for?
Lecture 2: Tissues
Tissues
- Group of cells of similar structure that work together on a common function
- 4 major tissues types:
o Epithelial tissue
o Connective tissue
o Muscle tissue
o Nervous tissue
I. Epithelial Tissue
- Sheet of cells
- 2 types:
1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
- 6 Functions:
o Protection
o Secretion
o Absorption
o Diffusion
o Filtration
o Sensory reception
Special Characteristics
- Cellularity
- Specialized contacts
- Polarity
- Support by connective tissue
- Avascular
- Innervated
- Regeneration
Classification of Epithelia
Function
Glands: Uni- or multicellular
- Endocrine Glands
o Ductless
o Secrete directly into surrounding fluid
o Hormones
o Act throughout the body
o Thyroid gland
- Exocrine Glands
o Secrete onto the body surface or cavities
o Act locally
o Sweat
glandsMulticellular Exocrine
Glands
Human
AnatomyBIOL-
3221
Lecture 1:
Human Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body
- One of the oldest scientific disciplines
- Intricately linked to Physiology
Gross and microscopic anatomy of
- Integumentary system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiorespiratory system
- Lymphatic system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive systems
Anatomical Planes/ Directions
Axial vs. Appendicular Regions
- Axial region: refers to the main axis of the body
o Head, neck, trunk
- Appendicular region: refers to the limbs (appendages)
o Arms, legs
Directional Terms
- Pairs of terms to indicate the spatial relationship between 2 anatomical parts
- Superior (Toward the head; above)/Inferior (away from the head; below)
- Superficial (external; toward the surface)/Deep (internal; away from the
surface)Anatomical Planes
- Sections, or images of sections are taken to study anatomy
- 3 main planes:
o Median (sagittal)
o Frontal
o Transvers
eBody Cavities &
Membranes
- Dorsal Cavity
o Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavities
- Ventral Cavity
o Thoracic cavity
▪ Pleural cavities (lungs)
▪ Pericardial cavity (heart)
o Abdominopelvic cavity
▪ Abdominal cavity
▪ Pelvic cavity
Serous Membranes/Fluid
- Pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities all lined by a serous membrane (pl. serosae)
Imaging Techniques
- Microscopy
- X-ray
- Computed tomography (CT) scan
,- Angiography
, - Positron Emission Tomography
- Sonography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- What are the pros and cons of each of these techniques? Which type of tissue they useful for?
Lecture 2: Tissues
Tissues
- Group of cells of similar structure that work together on a common function
- 4 major tissues types:
o Epithelial tissue
o Connective tissue
o Muscle tissue
o Nervous tissue
I. Epithelial Tissue
- Sheet of cells
- 2 types:
1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
- 6 Functions:
o Protection
o Secretion
o Absorption
o Diffusion
o Filtration
o Sensory reception
Special Characteristics
- Cellularity
- Specialized contacts
- Polarity
- Support by connective tissue
- Avascular
- Innervated
- Regeneration
Classification of Epithelia
Function
Glands: Uni- or multicellular
- Endocrine Glands
o Ductless
o Secrete directly into surrounding fluid
o Hormones
o Act throughout the body
o Thyroid gland
- Exocrine Glands
o Secrete onto the body surface or cavities
o Act locally
o Sweat
glandsMulticellular Exocrine
Glands
