1
Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions Possible
gy and Collaborative Complications and
(Possible Causative and Management Treatments/Interven
Risk Factors) tions for
Complications
Diabetes Mellitus Type Autoimmune disorder in Rapid Onset of symptoms: 1. A1c level of 6.5% or Management for Adult blindness (DM
which the body develops Sudden weight loss, greater hypoglycemia (below 70 retinopathy), end-stage
I Juvenile-onset antibodies against insulin weakness and fatigue. 2. Fasting plasma mg/dl) and hyperglycemia. renal disease
and/or pancreatic B cells that glucose level at or (nephropathy),
Insulin-dependent produce insulin. Polydipsia >12L (excessive above 126 mg/dL. Control emotional and nontraumatic lower limb
disease thirst), polyuria, and (No food for 8 hrs) physical stress that can amputations and DM
Results are not enough insulin polyphagia. 3. 2-hour plasma glucose increase blood glucose. neuropathy.
to survive. level at or above 200
mg/dL Insulin administration: Goal is Diabetic ketoacidosis
Patients take exogenous 4. Hyperglycemic crisis to achieve a glucose level of
insulin to compensate. of a random test of at 80 to 130 mg/dL before meals
Hyperglycemia: Plasma least 200 and higher Pancreas and Kidney
glucose level >200 mg/dL mg/dL Transplantations, usually
Most insulin receptors are of higher Footcare and dental hygiene: it is done with patients
located on skeletal muscle, fat, o Polyphagia- increased encourage daily brushing and who have end-stage
and liver cells. hungry Fructosamine reflects flossing in addition to regular kidney disease.
o Polydipsia- excessive glycemia in previous 1-3 visits to the dentist.
thirst weeks
o Polyuria- excessive Exercise: 30 minutes- 5 Glaucoma
urine output days/wk aerobic (150
*Normal glucose level in o Acetone breath minutes/week)
range of 70 to 110 o Nausea, fatigue, and
mg/dL* schedule exercise about 1 hour
blurred vision
o Un-explained weight after a meal or that they have a
10- to 15-g carbohydrate
loss
snack and check their blood
o Fasting plasma glucose
glucose level before
level 110-126 mg/dL
exercising.
Avoid strenuous exercises
may cause stress that causes
elevated blood glucose.
Teaching while Acutely Ill:
1
,1
2
,1
Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions Possible
gy and Collaborative Complications and
(Possible Causative and Management Treatments/Interven
Risk Factors) tions for
Complications
In a person with type 1
diabetes who has
hyperglycemia and ketones,
exercise can worsen these
conditions.
Encourage patients to check
blood glucose at least every 4
hours during times of illness.
Acutely ill patients with type 1
diabetes whose blood glucose
value is greater than 240
mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) should
also check urine for ketones
every 3 to 4 hours
Teach patients to report
glucose levels exceeding 300
mg/dL for twice in a row or
the presence of moderate to
high urine ketone levels to the
HCP.
Maintain normal diet if able:
supplementing food intake
with carbohydrate-containing
fluids, such as low-sodium
soups, juices, and regular
sugar-sweetened decaffeinated
soft drinks.
3
, 1
4
Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions Possible
gy and Collaborative Complications and
(Possible Causative and Management Treatments/Interven
Risk Factors) tions for
Complications
Diabetes Mellitus Type Autoimmune disorder in Rapid Onset of symptoms: 1. A1c level of 6.5% or Management for Adult blindness (DM
which the body develops Sudden weight loss, greater hypoglycemia (below 70 retinopathy), end-stage
I Juvenile-onset antibodies against insulin weakness and fatigue. 2. Fasting plasma mg/dl) and hyperglycemia. renal disease
and/or pancreatic B cells that glucose level at or (nephropathy),
Insulin-dependent produce insulin. Polydipsia >12L (excessive above 126 mg/dL. Control emotional and nontraumatic lower limb
disease thirst), polyuria, and (No food for 8 hrs) physical stress that can amputations and DM
Results are not enough insulin polyphagia. 3. 2-hour plasma glucose increase blood glucose. neuropathy.
to survive. level at or above 200
mg/dL Insulin administration: Goal is Diabetic ketoacidosis
Patients take exogenous 4. Hyperglycemic crisis to achieve a glucose level of
insulin to compensate. of a random test of at 80 to 130 mg/dL before meals
Hyperglycemia: Plasma least 200 and higher Pancreas and Kidney
glucose level >200 mg/dL mg/dL Transplantations, usually
Most insulin receptors are of higher Footcare and dental hygiene: it is done with patients
located on skeletal muscle, fat, o Polyphagia- increased encourage daily brushing and who have end-stage
and liver cells. hungry Fructosamine reflects flossing in addition to regular kidney disease.
o Polydipsia- excessive glycemia in previous 1-3 visits to the dentist.
thirst weeks
o Polyuria- excessive Exercise: 30 minutes- 5 Glaucoma
urine output days/wk aerobic (150
*Normal glucose level in o Acetone breath minutes/week)
range of 70 to 110 o Nausea, fatigue, and
mg/dL* schedule exercise about 1 hour
blurred vision
o Un-explained weight after a meal or that they have a
10- to 15-g carbohydrate
loss
snack and check their blood
o Fasting plasma glucose
glucose level before
level 110-126 mg/dL
exercising.
Avoid strenuous exercises
may cause stress that causes
elevated blood glucose.
Teaching while Acutely Ill:
1
,1
2
,1
Disorder/s Etiology/Pathophysiolo Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Tests Nursing Interventions Possible
gy and Collaborative Complications and
(Possible Causative and Management Treatments/Interven
Risk Factors) tions for
Complications
In a person with type 1
diabetes who has
hyperglycemia and ketones,
exercise can worsen these
conditions.
Encourage patients to check
blood glucose at least every 4
hours during times of illness.
Acutely ill patients with type 1
diabetes whose blood glucose
value is greater than 240
mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) should
also check urine for ketones
every 3 to 4 hours
Teach patients to report
glucose levels exceeding 300
mg/dL for twice in a row or
the presence of moderate to
high urine ketone levels to the
HCP.
Maintain normal diet if able:
supplementing food intake
with carbohydrate-containing
fluids, such as low-sodium
soups, juices, and regular
sugar-sweetened decaffeinated
soft drinks.
3
, 1
4
