INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 2 lecture 1.1
MEMORY
Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
Types ● explicit memory
● implicit memory
Stages ● sensory memory
● short-term memory
● long-term memory
Processes ● encoding
● storage
● retrieval
Explicit memory refers to when we ask people to consciously remember things, there are 2 further types
of explicit memory:
● Episodic memory: first hand experiences such as memories of graduation or a night out with friends
● Semantic memory: refers to our general knowledge (ex. what certain words mean)
Explicit memory is assessed using measures where we are required to consciously attempt to remember
information.
•RECALL: bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered (ex. how to write a
report)
•RECOGNITION: determining if we have seen or heard information before (ex. multiple choice test)
(recognition is easier than recall)
Implicit memory refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access but it does still have a direct
effect on our behaviour, there are 3 different types of implicit memory:
● Procedural memory: unexplainable knowledge on how to do things (ex. tying our shoes)
● Classical conditioning effects
● Priming
STAGES OF MEMORIES
Multi-modal model of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
Information begins in the sensory memory
some information, which is selected and attended to, will move to short-term memory where again some
information that is processed or rehearsed will move to long-term memory
What is really important to note is that not all information makes it to all 3 stages, most of it is in fact
forgotten.
So information not attended to will be lost and not moved to short term memory, and information that is not
rehearsed in our short term memory won't move to long term memory, and indeed even information in our
long term memory can be lost over time.
MEMORY
Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
Types ● explicit memory
● implicit memory
Stages ● sensory memory
● short-term memory
● long-term memory
Processes ● encoding
● storage
● retrieval
Explicit memory refers to when we ask people to consciously remember things, there are 2 further types
of explicit memory:
● Episodic memory: first hand experiences such as memories of graduation or a night out with friends
● Semantic memory: refers to our general knowledge (ex. what certain words mean)
Explicit memory is assessed using measures where we are required to consciously attempt to remember
information.
•RECALL: bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered (ex. how to write a
report)
•RECOGNITION: determining if we have seen or heard information before (ex. multiple choice test)
(recognition is easier than recall)
Implicit memory refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access but it does still have a direct
effect on our behaviour, there are 3 different types of implicit memory:
● Procedural memory: unexplainable knowledge on how to do things (ex. tying our shoes)
● Classical conditioning effects
● Priming
STAGES OF MEMORIES
Multi-modal model of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
Information begins in the sensory memory
some information, which is selected and attended to, will move to short-term memory where again some
information that is processed or rehearsed will move to long-term memory
What is really important to note is that not all information makes it to all 3 stages, most of it is in fact
forgotten.
So information not attended to will be lost and not moved to short term memory, and information that is not
rehearsed in our short term memory won't move to long term memory, and indeed even information in our
long term memory can be lost over time.
