NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Concepts to Review
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief function of nerve
cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be secreted elsewhere
o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy
o Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think Osmosis Jones
movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the functioning of our cells
• Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules, muscle contractions, and
active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s ATP or
energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
• The energy using process
, • Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this…
Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples,
pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping off”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis in
several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed cell death
and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis. Necrosis is the sum of
cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion
or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene
caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and
wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor
production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly results from
hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, especially ingestion of
mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to
change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state .The area of coagulative necrosis is
called an infarct.
Types of cells
Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.)
Ischemia: lack of blood flow
, Types of Injury (Blunt force, sharp, asphyxiation, gunshot wound, etc.)
Bruising-hemosiderin
Steps in cellular injury
Aging
Somatic Death-stages after death of body (livor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis)
2 Death-stages
1) Somatic death, which is the cessation of the vital process, and (2) molecular death, which is
the progressive disintegration of the body
Changes that occur within the first 12 hours of death
i. Algor mortis (Cooling of the body)
ii. Livor mortis/Post-mortem hypostasis (Lividity) the blood will tend to flow downward.
Consequently they will accumulate in capillaries and small veins in dependent parts of the body,
and this is manifest as a purple or reddish-purple colour on the skin. This is known as lividity,
and it is usually apparent within half an hour to two hours after death, fully developing within
12 hours
iii. Rigor mortis (Stiffening of the body)
Genetics Chapter 2
DNA- in the nucleus
GENES ARE COMPOSED OF DNA WHICH HAS 3 BASIC COMPONENTS:
A 5 CARBON MONOSACCHARIDE (DEOXYRIBOSE)
A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE
4 NITROGENOUS BASES
2 ARE PYRIMADINES: CYTOSINE AND THYMINE
2 ARE PURINES: ADENINE AND GUANINE
THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA IS THAT IT DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF ALL
THE BODY’S PROTEINS
DNA REPLICATION CONSISTS OF BREAKING THE WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS
BETWEEN THE BASES, LEAVING A SINGLE STRAND WITH EACH BASE
UNPAIRED
THE CONSISTENT PAIRING OF A TO T AND C TO G IS CALLED
COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING.
Concepts to Review
Cellular Biology/Cellular Adaptation/Cellular Injury Chapter 1 and 3
8 functions of cells
o Movement – muscle cells generate force to produce motion
o Conductivity – As a response to a stimulus. This is the chief function of nerve
cells
o Metabolic Absorption – take in and use nutrients
o Secretion – with mucous gland cells – absorb substances to be secreted elsewhere
o Excretion – Rid themselves of waste products
o Respiration – Absorb oxygen to transform nutrients to energy
o Reproduction – New cells produced to replace those lost
o Communication – vital for cells to survive as a society (think Osmosis Jones
movie)
ATP
• ATP or adenosine triphosphate plays a major role in that
• ATP is a molecule that stores and transfers energy for the functioning of our cells
• Specifically it is used in the synthesis (creation) of molecules, muscle contractions, and
active transport
Mitochondria the main job of the mitochondria is that it produces most of the cell’s ATP or
energy.
Cellular metabolism
There are 2 parts to metabolism:
• Anabolism
• The energy using process
, • Catabolism
• The energy releasing process
Ribosomes
Ways of cellular communication
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic and aerobic
Sodium/Potassium pump-function, what happens when it fails?, need ATP for this…
Cellular adaptation-hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia (know examples,
pathologic, physiologic, hormonal, compensatory)
Reversible/irreversible injury
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis (“dropping off”) is an important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis in
several ways. Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction called programmed cell death
and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes
Necrosis--Cellular death eventually leads to cellular dissolution, or necrosis. Necrosis is the sum of
cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion, known as autodigestion
or autolysis
Types of Necrosis (liquefactive, coagulative, fat, gas gangrene, dry gangrene, wet gangrene
caseous)
Dry gangrene: Slow spreading, tissue becomes dry, brown or black, it shrinks and
wrinkles.
Wet gangrene: Area is cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black and a foul odor
production
Coagulative necrosis. Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly results from
hypoxia caused by severe 103ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury, especially ingestion of
mercuric chloride. Coagulation is a result of protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to
change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state .The area of coagulative necrosis is
called an infarct.
Types of cells
Cellular Injury (Chemical, Ischemia, Free Radicals, Reperfusion, Infectious, etc.)
Ischemia: lack of blood flow
, Types of Injury (Blunt force, sharp, asphyxiation, gunshot wound, etc.)
Bruising-hemosiderin
Steps in cellular injury
Aging
Somatic Death-stages after death of body (livor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis)
2 Death-stages
1) Somatic death, which is the cessation of the vital process, and (2) molecular death, which is
the progressive disintegration of the body
Changes that occur within the first 12 hours of death
i. Algor mortis (Cooling of the body)
ii. Livor mortis/Post-mortem hypostasis (Lividity) the blood will tend to flow downward.
Consequently they will accumulate in capillaries and small veins in dependent parts of the body,
and this is manifest as a purple or reddish-purple colour on the skin. This is known as lividity,
and it is usually apparent within half an hour to two hours after death, fully developing within
12 hours
iii. Rigor mortis (Stiffening of the body)
Genetics Chapter 2
DNA- in the nucleus
GENES ARE COMPOSED OF DNA WHICH HAS 3 BASIC COMPONENTS:
A 5 CARBON MONOSACCHARIDE (DEOXYRIBOSE)
A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE
4 NITROGENOUS BASES
2 ARE PYRIMADINES: CYTOSINE AND THYMINE
2 ARE PURINES: ADENINE AND GUANINE
THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA IS THAT IT DIRECTS THE SYNTHESIS OF ALL
THE BODY’S PROTEINS
DNA REPLICATION CONSISTS OF BREAKING THE WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS
BETWEEN THE BASES, LEAVING A SINGLE STRAND WITH EACH BASE
UNPAIRED
THE CONSISTENT PAIRING OF A TO T AND C TO G IS CALLED
COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING.
