BIOS 252 Unit 8 Final Exam STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 10:
A. Muscle tissue function
Produce body movements
Stabilized body positions
Storing and moving substances
Generates heat
B. Types of skeletal muscle proteins/function (p.300)
Contractile Proteins a (generates force during contraction)
Myosin: Makes up the thick filaments, consist of a tail and two myosin heads which
binds to myosin binding site on acting molecule during contraction.
Actin: Protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has
myosin –binding site, where myosis head of thick filament binds during contraction
Regulatory Proteins (help switch muscle contraction on and off)
Troponin. Component of thin filament, when calcium ions binds to troponin, it changes
shape, this change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding on actin molecules
Tropomyosin; Component of thin filament, when skeleton muscle fiber relaxed,
tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from
binding to actin.
Structural Proteins; Keep thin and thick filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment
Titin;Structure protein that connects z discs to M line of sarcomere helping to stabilize
thick filaments positions, can stretch and spring back unharmed
Dystrophin; Connects to the membrane protein
Chapter 11:
A. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tromyosin off the active site on actinng
2. Cross bridging occurs between the active site on the actin and myosin head.
3. Myosin head pivots toward the center of sarcomere pulling the Z lines closer causin the
contraction. Release store energy, calcium pull out
4. Cross-bridging detachment the bond remains the same until the myosis head bind with
another ATP molecule (rigor mortis)
5. Myosis activation the free myosis head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recooks
the head again for the next cycle
Calcium and ATP need it
1
, B. Definitions
1. Origin
The attachment of a muscle or tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the
insertion
2. Insertion
Most muscle cross at least one joint and are attach at the articulating bone.
3. Antagonist
Stretch or relax, triceps
4. Agonist
Contract to control movement (bicepts), major muscle to produce an specific
movement
5. Synergist
Prevent unwanting movement during action
6. Fixator
A muscle that stabilized the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act
more efficiently
Chapter 12:
A. Excitatory neurotransmitter function
Graded depolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic
neuron (more positive) Action potential (inward flow of Na+)
B. Inhibitory neurotransmitter function
Graded hyperpolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the
postsynaptic neuron. (Inward flow of Ch and outward of K+) (No action potential)
C. Depolarization (concept)
Is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric
charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
D. Repolarization (concept)
Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane.
E. Hyperpolarization (concept
More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside
Chapter 13:
A. Internal anatomy of spinal cord
1. Anterior horn
Somatic motor nuclei
2
Chapter 10:
A. Muscle tissue function
Produce body movements
Stabilized body positions
Storing and moving substances
Generates heat
B. Types of skeletal muscle proteins/function (p.300)
Contractile Proteins a (generates force during contraction)
Myosin: Makes up the thick filaments, consist of a tail and two myosin heads which
binds to myosin binding site on acting molecule during contraction.
Actin: Protein that is the main component of thin filament, each actin molecule has
myosin –binding site, where myosis head of thick filament binds during contraction
Regulatory Proteins (help switch muscle contraction on and off)
Troponin. Component of thin filament, when calcium ions binds to troponin, it changes
shape, this change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding on actin molecules
Tropomyosin; Component of thin filament, when skeleton muscle fiber relaxed,
tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from
binding to actin.
Structural Proteins; Keep thin and thick filaments of myofibrils in proper alignment
Titin;Structure protein that connects z discs to M line of sarcomere helping to stabilize
thick filaments positions, can stretch and spring back unharmed
Dystrophin; Connects to the membrane protein
Chapter 11:
A. Steps in skeletal muscle contraction
1. Calcium binds to troponin, rotating tromyosin off the active site on actinng
2. Cross bridging occurs between the active site on the actin and myosin head.
3. Myosin head pivots toward the center of sarcomere pulling the Z lines closer causin the
contraction. Release store energy, calcium pull out
4. Cross-bridging detachment the bond remains the same until the myosis head bind with
another ATP molecule (rigor mortis)
5. Myosis activation the free myosis head splits the ATP into ADP and P which recooks
the head again for the next cycle
Calcium and ATP need it
1
, B. Definitions
1. Origin
The attachment of a muscle or tendon to a stationary bone or the end opposite the
insertion
2. Insertion
Most muscle cross at least one joint and are attach at the articulating bone.
3. Antagonist
Stretch or relax, triceps
4. Agonist
Contract to control movement (bicepts), major muscle to produce an specific
movement
5. Synergist
Prevent unwanting movement during action
6. Fixator
A muscle that stabilized the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act
more efficiently
Chapter 12:
A. Excitatory neurotransmitter function
Graded depolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic
neuron (more positive) Action potential (inward flow of Na+)
B. Inhibitory neurotransmitter function
Graded hyperpolarization cause by neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the
postsynaptic neuron. (Inward flow of Ch and outward of K+) (No action potential)
C. Depolarization (concept)
Is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric
charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.
D. Repolarization (concept)
Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane.
E. Hyperpolarization (concept
More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside
Chapter 13:
A. Internal anatomy of spinal cord
1. Anterior horn
Somatic motor nuclei
2
