BIOL 3040 STUDY GUIDE II,
PART A
Chapter 4
Synapomorphy: A character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution by a common ancestor.
Homoplasy: Correspondence between parts or organs acquired as a result of parallel evolution or convergence.
Homoplasy is analogous and can be due to convergent evolution
1. According to the tree below:
a Species B is more closely related to species G than species A
b Species B is equally related to species G and species A
c Species B is more closely related to species A than to species
Gd Species B is the common ancestor of species A, H, F, and G
e A and d are correct
2. Given the tree below, the similar body shape of Icthyosaurs and dolphins is best described as:
(a) an example of convergent evolution
(b) a homoplasious trait
(c) an analogous trait
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
3. If species A and B are more closely related to each other than either is to species C, then species A and B must:
(a) share a more recent common ancestor
(b) be more similar physically overall
(c) share more derived homologies (synapomorphies)
(d) both a and c are correct
(e) a, b, and c are all correct
4. Given the tree below, which statement(s) is/are correct?
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, (a) The lineage leading from the ancestral primate to modern day lemurs is older than the lineage leading from the ancestral primate to
modern day humans
(b) The monkeys form a monophyletic group
(c) a and b are correct
(d) none are correct
5. In the tree below, assume that the ancestor was an herb (not a tree) without leaves or seeds. Which currently existing species has/have the
same combination of trait as the ancestor?
(a) fern
(b) Psilotum
(c) clubmoss
(d) a and c are correct
(e) b and c are correct
6. Which of the following is true of the most recent common ancestor of two currently living species?
Family trees are made of the same species
(a) it may still be alive
(b) one of the two species can be more closely related to the common ancestor
(c) one of the two species may morphologically resemble the common ancestor more than the other
(d) all are true
7. The phylogeny below shows relationships between birds and four different dinosaur genera. Based on the logic of phylogenetic
systematics, which of the following statement(s) is/are accurate?
(a) Dinosaurs and birds form a monophyletic group
(b) In order for dinosaurs to be a valid taxon, birds must also be called dinosaurs
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, (c) Dinosaurs (not including birds) are a paraphyletic group
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
8. Given the tree above, which tree below is incorrect? Answer: C
9. Referring to the phylogenetic trees below which statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Tree A proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates is homologous; Tree B proposes that the camera eye of
mollusks and vertebrates arose through convergent evolution
(b) Tree B proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates is homologous; Tree A proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and
vertebrates arose through convergent evolution
(c) Tree B is more parsimonious
(d) A and c are correct
(e) B and c are correct
10. Referring to the tree below, which is an accurate statement about relationships?
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PART A
Chapter 4
Synapomorphy: A character or trait that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups and is derived through evolution by a common ancestor.
Homoplasy: Correspondence between parts or organs acquired as a result of parallel evolution or convergence.
Homoplasy is analogous and can be due to convergent evolution
1. According to the tree below:
a Species B is more closely related to species G than species A
b Species B is equally related to species G and species A
c Species B is more closely related to species A than to species
Gd Species B is the common ancestor of species A, H, F, and G
e A and d are correct
2. Given the tree below, the similar body shape of Icthyosaurs and dolphins is best described as:
(a) an example of convergent evolution
(b) a homoplasious trait
(c) an analogous trait
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
3. If species A and B are more closely related to each other than either is to species C, then species A and B must:
(a) share a more recent common ancestor
(b) be more similar physically overall
(c) share more derived homologies (synapomorphies)
(d) both a and c are correct
(e) a, b, and c are all correct
4. Given the tree below, which statement(s) is/are correct?
1
, (a) The lineage leading from the ancestral primate to modern day lemurs is older than the lineage leading from the ancestral primate to
modern day humans
(b) The monkeys form a monophyletic group
(c) a and b are correct
(d) none are correct
5. In the tree below, assume that the ancestor was an herb (not a tree) without leaves or seeds. Which currently existing species has/have the
same combination of trait as the ancestor?
(a) fern
(b) Psilotum
(c) clubmoss
(d) a and c are correct
(e) b and c are correct
6. Which of the following is true of the most recent common ancestor of two currently living species?
Family trees are made of the same species
(a) it may still be alive
(b) one of the two species can be more closely related to the common ancestor
(c) one of the two species may morphologically resemble the common ancestor more than the other
(d) all are true
7. The phylogeny below shows relationships between birds and four different dinosaur genera. Based on the logic of phylogenetic
systematics, which of the following statement(s) is/are accurate?
(a) Dinosaurs and birds form a monophyletic group
(b) In order for dinosaurs to be a valid taxon, birds must also be called dinosaurs
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, (c) Dinosaurs (not including birds) are a paraphyletic group
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
8. Given the tree above, which tree below is incorrect? Answer: C
9. Referring to the phylogenetic trees below which statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Tree A proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates is homologous; Tree B proposes that the camera eye of
mollusks and vertebrates arose through convergent evolution
(b) Tree B proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates is homologous; Tree A proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and
vertebrates arose through convergent evolution
(c) Tree B is more parsimonious
(d) A and c are correct
(e) B and c are correct
10. Referring to the tree below, which is an accurate statement about relationships?
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