NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
UPADATE
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
Developmental Changes
• Replicative senescence: theory states that cells can replicate or divide a
specific number of times.
o This ability decreases with age
• Oxidative damage: Is the cumulative result of the aerobic metabolism,
which generates chemicals called free radicals
o Free radicals may interact with other chemicals in the body and cause damage
to cells
• Telomere shortening theory that links aging to a reduction in cell division
• Weakening of the immune response: Leaves older adults more vulnerable to
infection and debilitating diseases
Dunphy physiological p.1285
Age- Appearance or Functional Change Implicatio
Related n
Change
Integumentary System
Loss of dermal and Loss of SQ tissue and thin epidermis Prone to skin breakdown and injury
epidermal thickness
Decreased vascularity • Atrophy of sweat glands resulting in • Alteration in thermoregulatory
decreased sweat production response
• Decreased body odor • Fluid requirements may
• Decreased heat loss change seasonally
• Dryness • Loss of skin water
• Increased risk of heat stroke
Respiratory System
Decreased lung tissue Decreased vital capacity Reduced overall efficiency of ventilatory
elasticity exchange
Cilia atrophy Change in mucociliary transport Increased susceptibility to infection
Decreased • Reduced ability to handle secretions Increased risk of atelectasis
respiratory muscle and reduced effectiveness against
strength noxious foreign particles
• Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Cardiovascular System
Heart valves thicken Reduced stroke volume, cardiac output; may be Decreased responsiveness to stress
and altered
become fibrotic
Fibroelastic thickening Slower heart rate Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
of
the SA node;
decreased # of
pacemaker cells
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
Decreased Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure Prone to loss of balance, which increases the
baroreceptor risk for falls
sensitivity (stretch
receptors)
Gastrointestinal System
Liver becomes smaller Decreased storage capacity
Decreased muscle Altered motility Increases risk of constipation, functional
tone bowel
syndrome, esophageal spasm,
diverticular disease
Decreased basal May need fewer calories
metabolic rate (rate
at
which fuel is
converted into
energy)
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
Kennedy physiological
Age-Related Appearance or Functional Implicatio
Change
Integumentary System Change n
Loss of dermal and epidermal Paper-thin Prone to skin
thickness
Flattening of papillae Shearing and friction force more
skin tears
Prone to skin breakdown and injury
readily
peels off the dermis
Diminished cell-mediated immunity
in the skin
Atrophy of the sebaceous glands Decreased production of oil and Frequent pruritus and xerosis
cerumen
Atrophy of the sebaceous glands Decreased sweating ability Impaired thermoregulation
Decreased vascularity Slower recruitment of sweat glands Alteration in thermoregularity
by response;
thermal stimulation diminished ability to adapt to
temperature changes
Fluid requirements may
change seasonally
Decreased body odor Loss of skin water
Decreased heat Increased risk of heat stroke
loss Dryness
Collagen cross-linking Increased wrinkling Potential effect on one’s
morale and feeling of self-
worth
Elastic regression Laxity of skin
Loss of SQ fat Intraosseous atrophy, especially on Loss of fat tissue on soles of feet –
the trauma of walking increases
back of hands and to the face foot problems
Decreased elasticity Difficulty assessing skin turgor
Loss of SQ tissue Purpuric patches after minor surgery Reduced insulation against cold
temperatures; prone to hypothermia
Check why injury is occurring; be
alert for potential abuse or falls
Decreased # of melanocytes Loss of pigment Teach the importance of using sun
block
creams; refer to a
dermatologist as needed
Pigment plaque appears
Increased exposure of the epidermal Increased risk of nonmalignant skin
Decreased turnover rate of cells cancers and malignant melanoma
keratinocytes to the environment to
include UV radiation
Decline in fibroblast proliferation Decreased epidermal growth rate Decreased tissue repair
response
Slower re-epithelialization
Decreased vitamin D production and Increased risk for developing
synthesis osteoporosis and other
conditions associated with
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
UPADATE
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
Developmental Changes
• Replicative senescence: theory states that cells can replicate or divide a
specific number of times.
o This ability decreases with age
• Oxidative damage: Is the cumulative result of the aerobic metabolism,
which generates chemicals called free radicals
o Free radicals may interact with other chemicals in the body and cause damage
to cells
• Telomere shortening theory that links aging to a reduction in cell division
• Weakening of the immune response: Leaves older adults more vulnerable to
infection and debilitating diseases
Dunphy physiological p.1285
Age- Appearance or Functional Change Implicatio
Related n
Change
Integumentary System
Loss of dermal and Loss of SQ tissue and thin epidermis Prone to skin breakdown and injury
epidermal thickness
Decreased vascularity • Atrophy of sweat glands resulting in • Alteration in thermoregulatory
decreased sweat production response
• Decreased body odor • Fluid requirements may
• Decreased heat loss change seasonally
• Dryness • Loss of skin water
• Increased risk of heat stroke
Respiratory System
Decreased lung tissue Decreased vital capacity Reduced overall efficiency of ventilatory
elasticity exchange
Cilia atrophy Change in mucociliary transport Increased susceptibility to infection
Decreased • Reduced ability to handle secretions Increased risk of atelectasis
respiratory muscle and reduced effectiveness against
strength noxious foreign particles
• Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Cardiovascular System
Heart valves thicken Reduced stroke volume, cardiac output; may be Decreased responsiveness to stress
and altered
become fibrotic
Fibroelastic thickening Slower heart rate Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
of
the SA node;
decreased # of
pacemaker cells
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
Decreased Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure Prone to loss of balance, which increases the
baroreceptor risk for falls
sensitivity (stretch
receptors)
Gastrointestinal System
Liver becomes smaller Decreased storage capacity
Decreased muscle Altered motility Increases risk of constipation, functional
tone bowel
syndrome, esophageal spasm,
diverticular disease
Decreased basal May need fewer calories
metabolic rate (rate
at
which fuel is
converted into
energy)
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
, NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
Kennedy physiological
Age-Related Appearance or Functional Implicatio
Change
Integumentary System Change n
Loss of dermal and epidermal Paper-thin Prone to skin
thickness
Flattening of papillae Shearing and friction force more
skin tears
Prone to skin breakdown and injury
readily
peels off the dermis
Diminished cell-mediated immunity
in the skin
Atrophy of the sebaceous glands Decreased production of oil and Frequent pruritus and xerosis
cerumen
Atrophy of the sebaceous glands Decreased sweating ability Impaired thermoregulation
Decreased vascularity Slower recruitment of sweat glands Alteration in thermoregularity
by response;
thermal stimulation diminished ability to adapt to
temperature changes
Fluid requirements may
change seasonally
Decreased body odor Loss of skin water
Decreased heat Increased risk of heat stroke
loss Dryness
Collagen cross-linking Increased wrinkling Potential effect on one’s
morale and feeling of self-
worth
Elastic regression Laxity of skin
Loss of SQ fat Intraosseous atrophy, especially on Loss of fat tissue on soles of feet –
the trauma of walking increases
back of hands and to the face foot problems
Decreased elasticity Difficulty assessing skin turgor
Loss of SQ tissue Purpuric patches after minor surgery Reduced insulation against cold
temperatures; prone to hypothermia
Check why injury is occurring; be
alert for potential abuse or falls
Decreased # of melanocytes Loss of pigment Teach the importance of using sun
block
creams; refer to a
dermatologist as needed
Pigment plaque appears
Increased exposure of the epidermal Increased risk of nonmalignant skin
Decreased turnover rate of cells cancers and malignant melanoma
keratinocytes to the environment to
include UV radiation
Decline in fibroblast proliferation Decreased epidermal growth rate Decreased tissue repair
response
Slower re-epithelialization
Decreased vitamin D production and Increased risk for developing
synthesis osteoporosis and other
conditions associated with
NR 601 Midterm Exam Study Guide
latest LATEST UPDATE
GRADED/RATED A+
