ATI FUNDAMENTALS EXAM LATEST UPDATE
STUDY GUIDE Q & A
1. CHAPTER 1: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
A. Components of Health care systems
a. Participants
1. Consumers- clients
2. Providers
a. Licensed providers: registered nurses, license practical (or vocational) nurses (LPN),
advanced practice nurses (APN), medical doctors, pharmacists, dentists, dietitians,
physical/respiratory/occupational therapists, etc
b. Unlicensed providers: assistive personal
b. Settings
1. Hospitals, homes, skilled nursing, assisted living, schools, etc
c. Regulatory Agencies
1. US department of Health and Human Services
2. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
3. State and local public health agencies
4. State licensing boards
a. Determines laws/regulations that govern nursing in their state
b. ensure health care providers and agencies comply with state regulations
c. Issue/revoke nursing license
i. Nurses need a license in every state they practice in
5. Joint Commission (JCAHO)
a. Set quality standards for accreditation of health care facilities
, 6. Professional Standards Review Organizations- monitor health care services provided
d. Healthcare financing Mechanisms
1. Public federally funded programs
a. Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
i. Increases access to healthcare for all individuals
ii. Decreasing healthcare costs
iii. Providing opportunities for uninsured to become insured at an affordable cost
b. States Children’s Health Insurance
i. Covers uninsured children up to 19 years old at a low cost to parents
2. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
Hyponatremia Hypernatremia
Less than 136 mEq/L Greater than 145 mEq/L
risk factors: risk factors:
- GI losses, diuretics, skin - water deprivation, excessive sodium
losses, edematous, intake, kidney failure, Cushing’s
hyperglycemia syndrome
expected findings: Expected findings
- tachycardia, hypotension, - Tachycardia, muscle twitches,
confusion, fatigue, nausea, vomiting muscle weaknesses, edema
Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia
Less than 3.5 mEq/L Greater than 5.0 mEq/L
Risk factors Risk factors
- GI losses, diuretics, skin losses, - Diabetic ketoacidosis, uncontrolled
metabolic alkalosis diabetes mellitus, kidney failure,
Expected findings salt substitutes
- Hypotension, muscle weakness, Expected findings:
muscle cramping, dysrhythmias - dysrhythmias
, Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia
Less than 9 mg/dL More than 10.5 mg/dL
Risk factors: Risk factors:
- diarrhea, vitamin D - hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer,
deficiency, long term glucocorticoid use
hypoparathyroidism expected findings
expected findings: - decreased reflexes. Constipation, lethargy
- numbness and tingling, muscle spasms,
positive Chvostek’s sign, positive
trousseau’s sign
Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia
Less than 1.3 mEq/L More than 2.1 mEq/L
Risk factors: Risk factors
- GI losses, loop diuretics, - Kidney disease,
malnutrition, alcohol use disorder laxatives Expected findings
Expected findings - Muscle paralysis, shallow respirations,
- Hyperactive DTRs, seizures, positive decreased respiratory rate,
Chvostek’s and trousseau’s sign, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy
seizures
, Don’t stop until you are proud
c.
MEDICARE MEDICAID
Eligibility: >65 years old OR on disability Eligibility: low socioeconomic status, no
for more than 2 years OR have ALS OR on insurance
dialysis Federally and state funded
Part A: inpatient hospital, limited Individual states determine eligibility
skilled nursing care, home health requirements
care
(hospital insurance)
Part B: outpatient care, diagnostic
services, OT/PT (medical insurance)
Part C: combination of parts A and B,
optional private insurance
(Medicare advantage plan)
Part D: prescription drugs
(medications)
e. Levels of Health Care
Preventati Focuses on educating and equipping clients to reduce or control risk
ve factors for disease
Primary Emphasizes health promotion and includes prenatal, well-baby care,
family planning, nutrition counseling, disease control
Secondary Diagnosis and treatment of acute illness and injury
Tertiary Provision of specialized and highly technical care
Restorativ Intermediate follow-up care for restoring health and promoting self-
e care
Continuing Addresses long-term or chronic health care needs over a period of time
STUDY GUIDE Q & A
1. CHAPTER 1: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
A. Components of Health care systems
a. Participants
1. Consumers- clients
2. Providers
a. Licensed providers: registered nurses, license practical (or vocational) nurses (LPN),
advanced practice nurses (APN), medical doctors, pharmacists, dentists, dietitians,
physical/respiratory/occupational therapists, etc
b. Unlicensed providers: assistive personal
b. Settings
1. Hospitals, homes, skilled nursing, assisted living, schools, etc
c. Regulatory Agencies
1. US department of Health and Human Services
2. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
3. State and local public health agencies
4. State licensing boards
a. Determines laws/regulations that govern nursing in their state
b. ensure health care providers and agencies comply with state regulations
c. Issue/revoke nursing license
i. Nurses need a license in every state they practice in
5. Joint Commission (JCAHO)
a. Set quality standards for accreditation of health care facilities
, 6. Professional Standards Review Organizations- monitor health care services provided
d. Healthcare financing Mechanisms
1. Public federally funded programs
a. Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
i. Increases access to healthcare for all individuals
ii. Decreasing healthcare costs
iii. Providing opportunities for uninsured to become insured at an affordable cost
b. States Children’s Health Insurance
i. Covers uninsured children up to 19 years old at a low cost to parents
2. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
Hyponatremia Hypernatremia
Less than 136 mEq/L Greater than 145 mEq/L
risk factors: risk factors:
- GI losses, diuretics, skin - water deprivation, excessive sodium
losses, edematous, intake, kidney failure, Cushing’s
hyperglycemia syndrome
expected findings: Expected findings
- tachycardia, hypotension, - Tachycardia, muscle twitches,
confusion, fatigue, nausea, vomiting muscle weaknesses, edema
Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia
Less than 3.5 mEq/L Greater than 5.0 mEq/L
Risk factors Risk factors
- GI losses, diuretics, skin losses, - Diabetic ketoacidosis, uncontrolled
metabolic alkalosis diabetes mellitus, kidney failure,
Expected findings salt substitutes
- Hypotension, muscle weakness, Expected findings:
muscle cramping, dysrhythmias - dysrhythmias
, Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia
Less than 9 mg/dL More than 10.5 mg/dL
Risk factors: Risk factors:
- diarrhea, vitamin D - hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer,
deficiency, long term glucocorticoid use
hypoparathyroidism expected findings
expected findings: - decreased reflexes. Constipation, lethargy
- numbness and tingling, muscle spasms,
positive Chvostek’s sign, positive
trousseau’s sign
Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia
Less than 1.3 mEq/L More than 2.1 mEq/L
Risk factors: Risk factors
- GI losses, loop diuretics, - Kidney disease,
malnutrition, alcohol use disorder laxatives Expected findings
Expected findings - Muscle paralysis, shallow respirations,
- Hyperactive DTRs, seizures, positive decreased respiratory rate,
Chvostek’s and trousseau’s sign, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy
seizures
, Don’t stop until you are proud
c.
MEDICARE MEDICAID
Eligibility: >65 years old OR on disability Eligibility: low socioeconomic status, no
for more than 2 years OR have ALS OR on insurance
dialysis Federally and state funded
Part A: inpatient hospital, limited Individual states determine eligibility
skilled nursing care, home health requirements
care
(hospital insurance)
Part B: outpatient care, diagnostic
services, OT/PT (medical insurance)
Part C: combination of parts A and B,
optional private insurance
(Medicare advantage plan)
Part D: prescription drugs
(medications)
e. Levels of Health Care
Preventati Focuses on educating and equipping clients to reduce or control risk
ve factors for disease
Primary Emphasizes health promotion and includes prenatal, well-baby care,
family planning, nutrition counseling, disease control
Secondary Diagnosis and treatment of acute illness and injury
Tertiary Provision of specialized and highly technical care
Restorativ Intermediate follow-up care for restoring health and promoting self-
e care
Continuing Addresses long-term or chronic health care needs over a period of time
