ANATOMY AND PHYISIOLOGY TEST 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. how do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?
a. Exocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances, such as
sweat and saliva, and have ducts that carry these substances
to a membrane area
b. Endocrine glands (ductless glands) produce hormones and
release them into the surrounding tissue fluid, typically with
a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage
i. Consists of number of glands spread out across the
body including pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,
and pineal. With other tissues as well in organs such as
pancreas, gonads, and placenta
2. what are hormones and how do they differ from neurotransmitters
in the nervous system?
a. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid these messengers travel through the blood
and regulate the metabolic functions of other cells in the
body
b. Neurotransmitters on the other hand regulate the activity of
muscles and glands via electrochemical impulses delivered
by neurons, and those organs response within milliseconds,
the response time, relayed across a synapse.
3. Which system produces a quicker response, nervous or endocrine?
A longer lasting response?
a. Nervous system produces a vastly quicker response as the
quick electrical impulses in conjunction with short distances
to travel make this true. the endocrine system, on the other
hand, has its hormones travel though the blood, taking a
longer time to reach its destination
b. The endocrine system produces longer lasting responses,
however hormones must be filtered out of the blood by the
kidneys; as neurotransmitters are simply reabsorbed into the
terminal vesicles
4. What organs are part of the endocrine system and why?
, a. They are part of the endocrine system because they release
hormones into the surrounding tissues, include Adrenal
Glands: Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland,
Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, Pancreas, Ovary and testes,
Pineal Gland
5. What are the chemical classes of hormones and what are the
characteristics of these hormones?
a. Amino Acid Hormones: hormones that are structurally
related to amino acids, ready to function immediately after
being put together, made up of the 60AA,
i. Include epinefren, norepepenfrin, dopamine, tyrosine,
tryptophan (melatonin),
b. Peptide Hormones: contain far fewer amino acids (inactive
hormones when made/ function similar to enzymes) only
activated when needed
i. Examples include Glycoproteins, FSH, LH, and GH
c. Lipid Derivitives hormones made out of steroid fats (four
interlocking rings) that are stored as precursors and thus not
ready to be immediate use
i. Include testosterone, progesterone, estrogen,
eicosanoids (paracrine hormones like leukotrienes and
prostaglandin… not many of these, local control/limited
amounts)
6. What are the actions of lipid soluble hormones?
a. (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors inside the
cell, which directly activate genes
7. What are the actions of water soluble hormones?
a. (all AA based hormones, except thyroid hormones) acting as
receptors in the plasma membrane, concept of G proteins
8. What allows for the control of hormone secretion?
a. The control of hormone secretion is through negative
feedback loop; turning on the hormone target organ
effects enough of this effect then turns off release of the
hormone, hypothalamus controls this
9. why is cyclic AMP considered a second messenger?
1. how do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?
a. Exocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances, such as
sweat and saliva, and have ducts that carry these substances
to a membrane area
b. Endocrine glands (ductless glands) produce hormones and
release them into the surrounding tissue fluid, typically with
a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage
i. Consists of number of glands spread out across the
body including pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,
and pineal. With other tissues as well in organs such as
pancreas, gonads, and placenta
2. what are hormones and how do they differ from neurotransmitters
in the nervous system?
a. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid these messengers travel through the blood
and regulate the metabolic functions of other cells in the
body
b. Neurotransmitters on the other hand regulate the activity of
muscles and glands via electrochemical impulses delivered
by neurons, and those organs response within milliseconds,
the response time, relayed across a synapse.
3. Which system produces a quicker response, nervous or endocrine?
A longer lasting response?
a. Nervous system produces a vastly quicker response as the
quick electrical impulses in conjunction with short distances
to travel make this true. the endocrine system, on the other
hand, has its hormones travel though the blood, taking a
longer time to reach its destination
b. The endocrine system produces longer lasting responses,
however hormones must be filtered out of the blood by the
kidneys; as neurotransmitters are simply reabsorbed into the
terminal vesicles
4. What organs are part of the endocrine system and why?
, a. They are part of the endocrine system because they release
hormones into the surrounding tissues, include Adrenal
Glands: Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland,
Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, Pancreas, Ovary and testes,
Pineal Gland
5. What are the chemical classes of hormones and what are the
characteristics of these hormones?
a. Amino Acid Hormones: hormones that are structurally
related to amino acids, ready to function immediately after
being put together, made up of the 60AA,
i. Include epinefren, norepepenfrin, dopamine, tyrosine,
tryptophan (melatonin),
b. Peptide Hormones: contain far fewer amino acids (inactive
hormones when made/ function similar to enzymes) only
activated when needed
i. Examples include Glycoproteins, FSH, LH, and GH
c. Lipid Derivitives hormones made out of steroid fats (four
interlocking rings) that are stored as precursors and thus not
ready to be immediate use
i. Include testosterone, progesterone, estrogen,
eicosanoids (paracrine hormones like leukotrienes and
prostaglandin… not many of these, local control/limited
amounts)
6. What are the actions of lipid soluble hormones?
a. (steroid and thyroid hormones) act on receptors inside the
cell, which directly activate genes
7. What are the actions of water soluble hormones?
a. (all AA based hormones, except thyroid hormones) acting as
receptors in the plasma membrane, concept of G proteins
8. What allows for the control of hormone secretion?
a. The control of hormone secretion is through negative
feedback loop; turning on the hormone target organ
effects enough of this effect then turns off release of the
hormone, hypothalamus controls this
9. why is cyclic AMP considered a second messenger?
