a. was replaced with the two-field system.
b. allowed for increased production by reducing the amount of land that was left fallow.
c. made its biggest impact in southern Europe.
d. allowed animals to graze on two-thirds of the land.
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By the thirteenth century, Italian towns
a. acted as intermediaries facilitating trade between Europe and the eastern Mediterranean.
b. suffered as trade routes shifted to northern Europe.
c. suffered as trade routes shifted to central Europe and the North Sea.
d. were unable to engage in trade because of Byzantine domination.
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Medieval guilds
a. organized all the craftspeople of a given town into a single group.
b. were organized by tradesmen to govern their own economic activities.
c. were strictly business organizations, with the sole purpose of making money for their members.
d. promoted competition by encouraging individual decision-making.
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William the Conqueror created
a. the division of lands into shires, or counties.
b. English common law.
c. a vast census of people and property.
d. the position of sheriff, a royal agent of the king.
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King John's costly war with ________ led to the Magna Carta.
a. the Spanish kingdoms
b. Italy
c. France
d. Germany
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Representative institutions grew out of
a. popular movements led by wealthy townspeople.
b. the insistence of the clergy that the Bible dictated the need for such bodies.
c. royal dependence on the nobility for military support.
d. the desire of kings to expand their authority and powers.
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The reform movement in the church in the tenth and eleventh centuries
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