NUR2603 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Focused Review
• What is pathophysiology? by keeping things relatively
o the study of abnormalities the same, or balanced
in physiologic functioning o ability to successfully adapt
of living beings. It is studies to challenges to maintain
in terms of common, or survival and well-being (i.e.
classic, presentations of BP, HR, glucose levels)
disorders. o Allostatic overload- when
• Stress response adaptation mechanisms are
o body’s attempt to try to inadequate or total amount
restore the balance; is of allostatic load is
helpful but can become excessive; homeostasis
damaging when repeatedly cannot be obtained
activated or does not cease. • Osmosis vs passive transport vs
• Flight or flight filtration
o The alarm stage; because it o Movement of water across a
provides a surge of energy semipermeable membrane
and physical alterations to to equalize the particle
either evade or confront concentration of the fluid
danger. (when the on both sides of the
hypothalamus senses a membrane.
need to activate the GAS in o Called facilitated diffusion;
response to a stimulus, a particles move through the
stressors placing the cell membrane from an area
balance of homeostasis at of higher concentration to
risk) an area of low
• Epidemiology and the treatment of concentration w/o the use
of energy
disease
o Particles move through the
o the study of health events
cell membrane from an area
and patterns of disease
of low concentration to high
involving aggregates of
concentration; requires the
people, their distribution,
use of energy; ATP
and associated causative
factors in a defined • Edema
population o Excess of fluid in interstitial
compartment; may be
• Hans Selye’s General Adaptation
localized or generalized;
Syndrome stages +1, +2, +3, +4
o Alarm (fight or flight), • Osteoporosis
resistance (adaptation;
o Most common metabolic
move beyond the alarm
bone disease in which
stage), exhaustion (no
reduction in bone mass
longer able to effect a
results from bone
return to homeostasis)
resorption proceeding at a
stages
rate faster than that of new
• What is homeostasis? Allostasis? bone formation. (s/s:
o Maintaining internal shortened stature, muscle
conditions in a stable state wasting, back muscle
, spasms, difficulty bending calcifies, wear of underlying
over) bone, and by formation of
new bone from subchondral
bone at joint margins.
• Transmission of infections • Pressure ulcers
o An unbroken chain of events o Localized areas of cellular
must occur to allow one necrosis resulting from
human to infect another. prolonged pressure
o Direct transmission: body between any bony
prominence and an external
fluids-droplet, animal object such as a bed or
bites/soil, placenta transfer wheelchair
o Indirect transmission: o Prevention: turn Q2HR,
vehicle-borne (infectious keep areas clean and dry
agent is transported to the o Stages I, II, III, & IV
host), vector-borne • Histamine
(mechanical or biological o An early mediator of the
inflammatory response;
transfer), airborne (with causes bronchial
aerosols) constriction and mucus
o Most effective ways to break production.
the chain of transmission: o Receptor-blocking agents
handwashing are widely used in allergic
reactions, such as skin
• Myasthenia Gravis
reactions and hay fever to
o Chronic autoimmune
suppress the inflammatory
disease; affects
actions.
neuromuscular function of
voluntary muscles
• Herpes simplex
o Acetylcholine receptor o Two types: HSV-1: occurs
antibodies destroy or above the waist; lips, mouth,
block acetylcholine face; HSV-2: infections in the
receptors of muscle end- genital area
plate of the neuromuscular
o Vesicles and erythema; crusts
junction.
o Manifestations: profound before healing; no cure
muscle weakness and • Endotoxins
fatigability o Integral part of the cell wall
o Can lead to respiratory which is released upon cell
depression from weakness
death and sometimes during
o Mind to head
cell growth
• Osteoarthritis
o Can lead to septic shock,
o A common, local
degenerative joint disease, intravascular coagulation,
associated with aging, and respiratory failure
characterized by • Herpes zoster
progressive loss of articular
cartilage, cartilage
• What is pathophysiology? by keeping things relatively
o the study of abnormalities the same, or balanced
in physiologic functioning o ability to successfully adapt
of living beings. It is studies to challenges to maintain
in terms of common, or survival and well-being (i.e.
classic, presentations of BP, HR, glucose levels)
disorders. o Allostatic overload- when
• Stress response adaptation mechanisms are
o body’s attempt to try to inadequate or total amount
restore the balance; is of allostatic load is
helpful but can become excessive; homeostasis
damaging when repeatedly cannot be obtained
activated or does not cease. • Osmosis vs passive transport vs
• Flight or flight filtration
o The alarm stage; because it o Movement of water across a
provides a surge of energy semipermeable membrane
and physical alterations to to equalize the particle
either evade or confront concentration of the fluid
danger. (when the on both sides of the
hypothalamus senses a membrane.
need to activate the GAS in o Called facilitated diffusion;
response to a stimulus, a particles move through the
stressors placing the cell membrane from an area
balance of homeostasis at of higher concentration to
risk) an area of low
• Epidemiology and the treatment of concentration w/o the use
of energy
disease
o Particles move through the
o the study of health events
cell membrane from an area
and patterns of disease
of low concentration to high
involving aggregates of
concentration; requires the
people, their distribution,
use of energy; ATP
and associated causative
factors in a defined • Edema
population o Excess of fluid in interstitial
compartment; may be
• Hans Selye’s General Adaptation
localized or generalized;
Syndrome stages +1, +2, +3, +4
o Alarm (fight or flight), • Osteoporosis
resistance (adaptation;
o Most common metabolic
move beyond the alarm
bone disease in which
stage), exhaustion (no
reduction in bone mass
longer able to effect a
results from bone
return to homeostasis)
resorption proceeding at a
stages
rate faster than that of new
• What is homeostasis? Allostasis? bone formation. (s/s:
o Maintaining internal shortened stature, muscle
conditions in a stable state wasting, back muscle
, spasms, difficulty bending calcifies, wear of underlying
over) bone, and by formation of
new bone from subchondral
bone at joint margins.
• Transmission of infections • Pressure ulcers
o An unbroken chain of events o Localized areas of cellular
must occur to allow one necrosis resulting from
human to infect another. prolonged pressure
o Direct transmission: body between any bony
prominence and an external
fluids-droplet, animal object such as a bed or
bites/soil, placenta transfer wheelchair
o Indirect transmission: o Prevention: turn Q2HR,
vehicle-borne (infectious keep areas clean and dry
agent is transported to the o Stages I, II, III, & IV
host), vector-borne • Histamine
(mechanical or biological o An early mediator of the
inflammatory response;
transfer), airborne (with causes bronchial
aerosols) constriction and mucus
o Most effective ways to break production.
the chain of transmission: o Receptor-blocking agents
handwashing are widely used in allergic
reactions, such as skin
• Myasthenia Gravis
reactions and hay fever to
o Chronic autoimmune
suppress the inflammatory
disease; affects
actions.
neuromuscular function of
voluntary muscles
• Herpes simplex
o Acetylcholine receptor o Two types: HSV-1: occurs
antibodies destroy or above the waist; lips, mouth,
block acetylcholine face; HSV-2: infections in the
receptors of muscle end- genital area
plate of the neuromuscular
o Vesicles and erythema; crusts
junction.
o Manifestations: profound before healing; no cure
muscle weakness and • Endotoxins
fatigability o Integral part of the cell wall
o Can lead to respiratory which is released upon cell
depression from weakness
death and sometimes during
o Mind to head
cell growth
• Osteoarthritis
o Can lead to septic shock,
o A common, local
degenerative joint disease, intravascular coagulation,
associated with aging, and respiratory failure
characterized by • Herpes zoster
progressive loss of articular
cartilage, cartilage
