Bakersfield College PHIL B17, all quizzes answered + final exam.

Quiz 1. 1. Which of the following are all conclusion indicators? Accordingly, thus, implies that. 2. Marketing to consumers via the Internet has many advantages for marketers. It allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It allows products to be offered globally in an efficient manner. And it is cost efficient, saving the need for stores, paper catalogues, and sales people. 3. The ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet rays from sunlight before they can reach the surface of our planet and cause damage to humans and other life forms. Any substantial reduction in the amount of this ozone would threaten life as we know it. Consequently, the appearance of a large "hole" in the ozone layer over Antarctica represents a major environmental crisis. 4. Evolution is central to vertebrate biology because it provides a principle that organizes the diversity we see among living vertebrates. Also it helps to fit extinct forms into the context of living species. Classification, initially a process of attaching names to organisms, has become a method of understanding evolution. 5. Anthropology is the most liberating of all the sciences. Not only has it exposed the fallacies of racial and cultural superiority, but its devotion to the study of all peoples, everywhere and throughout time, has cast more light on human nature than all the reflections of sages or the studies of laboratory scientists. 6. “Dr. Laura” Schlesinger, in her recent book, The Proper Care and Feeding of Husbands, states that “If women would show more compassion for a man’s physical needs, they would find themselves happier…orgasms will put a smile on your face…and release a lot of tension.” Understand where she is coming from: she’s a conservative practitioner of Orthodox Judaism who is all for “traditional” gender roles. The book is nothing but a collection of letters and transcripts from her radio show. You should not spend your money on it, because you can get the same information by watching a rerun of 7. Which of the following are all premise indicators? 8. Crocodiles aren't really dangerous at all. I've seen them on television many times, and they seem very peaceful. And I remember seeing Paul Hogan wrestle one in the movie Crocodile Dundee. Plus, crocodiles don't like humans. 9. The stakes in whistleblowing are high. Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through unnecessary surgery; how about the engineer who discloses saftey defects in the braking system, or the captain who alerts authorities that the navy is polluting the ocean waters: all of them know that they pose a threat to those who employ them and that their own careers may be at risk if they pursue to tell someone outside the company. 10. Is an argument defined in this as "A group of statements, whereby one statement(claims to) to support another statement." Check for precision. Q 2 1. Determine if this passage is an argument or nonargument: Evolution is central to vertebrate biology because it provides a principle that organizes the diversity we see among living vertebrates. Also it helps to fit extinct forms into the context of living species. Classification, initially a process of attaching names to organisms, has become a method of understanding evolution. 2. Determine whether this passage is an argument or nonargument: The world economy is controlled by multinational corporations. The majority of them are based in the United States. Their power in the underdeveloped nations perpetuates the dependency of many Third World nations on the United States. Multinationals add to the tensions in Third World countries through arms sales and intervention in the domestic affairs of host countries. 3. Marketing to consumers via the Internet has many advantages for marketers. It allows products and services to be offered 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It allows products to be offered globally in an efficient manner. And it is cost efficient, saving the need for stores, paper catalogues, and sales people. 4. After having a part time job for more than a year, I have gotten used to the fact that the government takes money from me every two weeks to put toward Social Security. It isn't fair that I should pay for some old person's rent in Florida. Despite my dislike of the right wing, I find the idea of privatizing appealing. I would much rather keep that money to invest in mutual funds, stocks or my college education. 5. For a long time, Haydn's music was regarded as genial and lively, and much of its depth, wit, and brilliance went unnoticed. This was because only a few of his compositions were performed regularly at concerts. Nowadays, however, much more of Haydn's music is being performed, and the extraordinary range of his achievement is being recognized. 6. A full moon appears larger on the horizon than it does overhead not because of the refraction of the atmosphere but because of an optical illusion. Objects in the foreground influence the perceived size of objects in the background, and when the moon is on the horizon amid trees and houses the brain interprets it as being larger than when it appears overhead in the absence of those objects. 7. Health can be conceptualized from medical, functional, or psychological perspectives. The medical model defines health as an absence of illness or disease, while the functional model defines health in terms of individuals' ability to perform their assigned roles. The psychological model of health emphasizes physical, psychological, and social well-being in measuring the health of individuals. 8. Cow's milk is far from being the nutritious food that the American Dairy Association would have us believe. To increase milk production, the cows are fed bovine growth hormone. This hormone increases the production of insulin-like growth factor, which can cause cancer. Also, to keep them healthy, the cows are fed antibiotics, which end up in the milk. 9. The field of economics is divided into two major branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics studies the behavior of individual economic agents and how they interact with each other in markets. Macroeconomics focuses on the overall level of economic activity in a society. It studies such topics as unemployment, inflation, and the rate of economic growth. Q 3 1. Which of the following are all deductive arguments? 2. In the expression "If North Korea has nuclear weapons, then it poses a threat to world peace," the statement "It poses a threat to world peace" is called the: 3. An argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect is: 4. Which of the following are all arguments? 5. An argument that precedes from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future is 6. Which of the following are all inductive arguments? 7. In the expression "If corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries, then investors are cheated," the statement "Corporate CEOs are paid exorbitant salaries" is called the: 8. An argument that concludes something is true because somebody has said so: 9. Which of the following are all conclusion indicators? 10. An argument whose conclusion rests on the definition of a word used in the premises is: E1 1. Which of the following are all conclusion indicators? 2. Cancer is a deadly disease that has afflicted humans for thousands of years. Like us, the Romans would be no exception. Therefore, some of the ancient Romans must have died of cancer. Inductive, strong 3. Right wing columnist and author Michelle Malkin says that the forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps during World war II was really for their own protection. Therefore, we must drop that silly nonsense that this internment was a monstrous injustice and start thinking of it as a humanitarian endeavor. 4. If stun guns are safe, then police officers will use them. Stun guns are not safe. Therefore, police officers will not use them. 5. Every dancer on the floor has a partner. Hence, there are an even number of dancers on the floor. 6. The print at the bottom of this full box of Cheerios says NET WT 15 OZ. Therefore, the contents weigh 15 ounces. 7. No theocracies are true democracies. No secular governments are theocracies. Thus, some secular governments are true democracies. 8. Either Maurice Green or Justin Gatlin won an Olympic gold medal in 2004. Maurice Green did not win one in 2004. Thus, Justin Gatlin did. 9. Graffiti written on the side of this wall says "Crips Rule." Thus, the mayor and city council must be members of the Crips. 10. Amanda is taller than Jacqueline, and Jacqueline is shorter than Laura. Hence, it necessarily follows that Amanda is taller than Laura. 11. Sixty percent of the members of the Theta Society drive American cars. Hence, since Kristy is a member of the Theta Society, it is likely that she drives an American car. 12. Silvia is a middle-aged, dark haired Catholic woman who supports right-to-life issues. Shelly is also a middle-aged, dark haired Catholic woman. Therefore, she probably also supports right-to-life issues. 13. It is strongly recommended that you have your house inspected for termite damage. 14. Bear one thing in mind before you begin to write your paper. Famous literary works, especially works regarded as classics, have been thoroughly studied to the point where prevailing opinion on them has assumed the character of orthodoxy. 15. The voting public is as full of bull as the politicians. We get the the kind of officeholders we ask for. Show me a politician who will stand up and tell Americans the truth, and I'll show you a person who will never be elected. 16. The plane mirror is perhaps the oldest optical instrument known to man. It remains an important element in the modern arsenal of sophisticated optical devices. For example, the earth-moon laser- ranging experiments, initiated in 1969, rely on high-quality reflectors. Dentists are still using them today too. Argument: Conclusion, "It remains an important element in the modern arsenal of sophisticated optical devices." 17. Jennifer's cat Pinky has been constantly scratching itself today. Apparently Pinky probably has fleas. 18. If Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is correct in her assessment that "people who are well represented at trial do not get the death penalty," then the disparate skills of defense attorneys in capital cases throughout America guarantees that defendants who are legally innocent will continue to be executed and that manifest justice dictates that the death penalty be abolished 19. An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of an effect to a claim about the cause is: 20. On the inside surface of this gold ring some small print reads "14k." Therefore, the ring must be made of 14 caret gold. 21. Valerie Nelson's last three novels sold well over a million copies each. She's now finished a new novel, and it has gotten better reviews than the earlier ones. Hence, her new novel should sell over a million copies, too. 22. George is an egotist. Therefore, he has an inflated impression of his own importance 23. (1) Valerie Nelson's last three novels sold well over a million copies each. (2) She's now finished a new novel, and (3) it has gotten better reviews than the earlier ones. Hence, (4) her new novel should sell over a million copies, too. 24. (1) Not all cancers are life-threatening. For example, (2) basal cell carcinoma, the most common of all skin cancers, can produce disfigurement, but (3) it almost never results in death. 25. (1) After taking LSD, Alice said she saw a flying saucer land in the shopping center parking lot. Since (2) Alice has a reputation for always telling the truth, (3) we must conclude that a flying saucer really did land there. E 2 1. Franklin wrote, "Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy." Therefore, since old Ben would never lie about anything so important as God, we must conclude that God does indeed exist. 2. Hillary Clinton argues that the time has come for universal health insurance. But Hillary should just go back into that hole she crawled out of and keep her mouth shut. She's nothing but a hyper feminist male-bashing shrew. Nobody should listen to her nonsense. 3. Every player on the varsity chess team is very good. Therefore, the team is very good. 4. Marsha Taylor, the college president, argues that it's inappropriate to have condom-dispensing machines on campus. Apparently Taylor is completely anti sex. Just abolish sex altogether. That's what she wants. But without sex there would be no human race. And no animals either. Obviously Taylor's argument makes no sense whatsoever. 5. Either you support the administration's policies or you don't deserve to be called a patriotic American. The choice should be obvious. 6. Even though Jackie is not very bright, she always gets good grades. Therefore, she couldn't possibly have cheated on the last test. 7. Only yesterday Bertha was seen in a health food store, and her friends report that she takes vitamins every day. Obviously, Bertha's argument that vitamins and special food supplements are a waste of money is crazy. 8. Republicans are clearly better able to run the country because they're more experienced in handling money. 9. ackson and Sean are sixteen-year-olds with similar interests. Jackson loves the latest NCAA video game. Therefore, probably Sean would love it, too. 10. Senator Smith, I know you will support the oil drilling bill before the committee, because if you don't, I'll make a huge contribution to your opponent in the next election. 11. This carton contains heavy cream. Therefore, it weighs more than that identically sized carton of ordinary cream. 12. Frances, since you studied chemistry last year, you should know the answer to this. Is calcium a metal or a nonmetal? 13. For the past several years, every time that Ruben has suffered a bout of sneezing, he has come down with a cold. Therefore, to prevent colds in the future, Ruben must constantly suppress the urge to sneeze. 14. We don't dare allow the public school teachers to have another week of summer vacation. If we do, then the police will want the same thing. Then it will be the firemen, park rangers, highway patrol, social service workers, highway personnel, and motor vehicle workers. In the end, everyone will be working less for the same amount of money. 15. This custard pudding is sweet. Therefore, every spoonful of this custard pudding is sweet. 16. Adrian argues that it should be illegal for private individuals to carry concealed weapons. Obviously Adrian wants to abolish gun ownership altogether. Just go out and confiscate all the guns. That's what Adrian wants. Well, the Second Amendment gives us the right to bear arms, so Adrian's argument is ridiculous. 17. Nobody has ever proved that Ouija boards can't be used to predict the future. It therefore follows that they can be used for this purpose. 18. Fred's argument in favor of lowering the gasoline tax is totally absurd. Fred is a complete loser who has never held a responsible job, and in his darker moments he abuses animals and torments small children. 19. Tim has lost money at the roulette wheel for the last five nights. Therefore, it is extremely likely that he will win tonight. 20. Ted argues that CEOs should be prevented from selling stock they own in their own companies for ten years. But did you hear that Ted recently broke up with his girlfriend? They carried on a torrid affair for two years, and when she got pregnant, he dumped her. Enough of that. Let's move on to something important. 21. Professional sports figures are not the clean, upright types people take them to be. Just look at Tiger Woods. He betrayed his lovely wife by engaging in extramarital affairs with several different women. 22. Either you pay my tuition to Stanford or I'll be doomed to a life of mediocrity. I'm sure you don't want that. 23. A person of your status will surely want to buy a Lexus. Owning a Lexus is the ultimate expression of cultural refinement, exquisite taste, and financial success. 24. Professor Friedman, the great constitutional scholar, says that the First Amendment is the most important part of the Bill of Rights. We therefore conclude that the First Amendment is indeed the most important part of the Bill of Rights. 25. It is permissible for physicians to write prescriptions for drugs. But chiropractors are health care professionals no less than physicians. Therefore, it should be permissible for chiropractors to write prescriptions for drugs. Chapter 6 exam 1. Hertz runs a sale or both Avis buys new cars and Budget lowers rates. 2. Budget lowers rates unless Hertz and Thrifty do not overhaul operations. 3. Thrifty lays off workers only if neither National improves efficiency nor Enterprise reorganizes. 4. If National's improving efficiency implies that Enterprise reorganizes, then Avis buys new cars. 5. Not both Hertz runs a sale and Thrifty lays off workers if either Avis buys new cars or Budget lowers rates. (AVB)-(H.T) 6. Princess drops its dress codes or Oceania enlarges its fleet, and Seabourn reduces its fares. 7. Not either Regent enlarges its casinos or Celebrity revises its itineraries if Holland remodels its staterooms. 8. Norwegian improves its entertainment only if both Disney does not promote family cruises and Windstar does not diversify its activities. 9. If Disney promotes family cruises, then if either Holland remodels its staterooms or Regent enlarges its casinos, then Windstar diversifies its activities. 10. Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of the following proposition: ~[(A v ~ B) X] [~Y (A • X)] 11. Determine the main operator of the following proposition: ~[(A v ~ B) X] [~Y (A • X)] 12. Identify the type of statement for the following: (R • B) = (B ~ R) 13. [N = (S • J)] [S (N J)] 14. [N = (S • J)] [S (N J)] 15. G v ~H and H v ~G 16. J = ~M and (J • M) v ~(M v J) 17. K (M v ~H) / M H / M K // K H Invalid; fails in the 4th line. 18. R v I / ~S v (R I) // S I 19. Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of the following proposition: ~[(A = ~Y) • (B X)] • [(B v ~X) • (X A)] 20. ~[(A = ~Y) • (B X)] • [(B v ~X) • (X A)] quiz 7 1. Does the following deduction to the argument use all the correct rules of inference to prove the conclusion? 1. Q Z 2. ~Q (C v G) 3. ~Z 4. ~C /G 5. ~Q 1,3 MT 6. C v G 2, 5 MP 7. G 4, 6 MT 2. 1. L (K Q) 2. Q v L 3. ~Q /~K 4. L 2,3 DS 5. K Q 1,4 MT 6. ~K 3, 5 MT 3. 1. B v (D G) 2. ~B 3. D /G 4. _? 1, 2, DS 5. G 3, 4 MP 4. Identify the following rule of inference that matches the following argument pattern: 1. K O 2. K 3. O 1,2 _?_ 1. K O 2. ~O 3. ~K 1,2 _?_ 1. K O 2. O Q 3. K Q 1,2 _?_ 1. K v O 2. ~K 3. O 1,2 _?_ Quiz 8 1. 1. F v H 2. (FG) * (HJ) 3. GvJ 1,2 1. G 2. G v (FH) 1 1. (G v F) * (H * G) 2. G v F 1,2 1. H * G 2. G J 3. (H * G) * (G J) 1,2 1. ~~F ~(F H) 2. ~~(FH) 3. ~~~F 1,2 1. ~J [(~G * ~H) * (H v J)] 2. ~J 2. (~G * ~H) * (H v J) 1,2 1. ~(G * L) v ~~J 2. ~~(G * L) 3. ~~J 1,2 2. 1. ∼F • N 2. P ⊃ F 3. H • R 4. (∼P • H) ⊃ S / S ∨ T 5. ∼F 1, Simp 6. ∼P 2, 5, MT 7. H 3, Simp 8. ∼P • H 6, 7, Conj 9. S 4, 8, MP t10. S ∨ T 9, Add 1. K ⊃ L 2. (M ⊃ N) • S 3. N ⊃ T 4. K ∨ M / L ∨ T 5. M ⊃ N 2, Simp 6. M ⊃ T 3, 5, HS 7. (K ⊃ L) • (M ⊃ T) 1, 6, Add 8. L ∨ T 4, 7, CD 3. Using only the derive the conclusion based on the given premises and complete the justification. Remember you will not be using all the premises, only those that match the valid inferences. 1. G W 2. H 3. Conj Chapter 8, final exam 1. 1. Z • D 2. , Add 2. 1. C 2. B 3. , Conj 3. 1. ∼H 2. P ∨ ~~F 3. , Conj 4. 1. S ∨ ∼C 2. (S ⊃ ∼L) • (∼C ⊃ M) 3. , CD 5. 1. W v P 2. ~W 3. 6. 1. ~(F v P) 2. (F v P) v ~~Q 3. 7. 1. R ⊃ D 2. E ⊃ R 3. 8. 1. (Q • ~D) ⊃ (D ⊃ H) 2. (F ⊃ Q) ⊃ (Q • ~D) 3. 9. 1) ~D v (L ~F) 2) ~D ~B 3) ~~F 4) ~~D 5) L ~F 6) 10. 1) A B 2) (B v C) (D * E) 3) B 4) B v C 5) F 6) 11. 1) [(N v K) ⊃ C] • (R ⊃ ~~K) 2) (G • T) v S 3) (Q • C) v J 4) 12. 1. F 2. F ⊃ P 3. 13. 1. (E v G) 2. (E v G) ⊃ ~(P v K) 3. 14. 1. (Z ⊃ C) ⊃ ~(A ⊃ Y) 2. (Z ⊃ C) 3. 15. 1. [(F ⊃ P) • M] ⊃ Q 2. [(F ⊃ P) • M] 3. 16. 1. A ⊃ H 2. ∼H 3. 17. 1. (G ⊃ C) ⊃ (A ⊃ D) 2. ∼(A ⊃ D) 3. 18. 1. ∼(E ∨ F) ⊃ F 2. ∼F 3. 19. 1. (∼E ∨ F) ⊃ (F ∨ ∼A) 2. ∼(F ∨ ∼A) 3. 20. 1. S ∨ H 2. B • E 3. Simp 21. 1. Q ∨ G 2. (B v ~G) • S 3. B v G ⊃ S 4. , Simp 22. 1) (N ⊃ B) • (D ⊃ C) 2) Q ⊃ (N v D) 3) Q / B v C 4 N v D 2,3 MP 5 B v C 1,4 CD 23. 1) (A v B) ⊃ (C • D) 2) A • (F ⊃ Z) / A • C 3) A 2 Simp 4 A v B 3 Add 5 C • D 1,4 MP 6 A v F 5 Add 7 A • C 3,6 Conj 24. 1. F ⊃ G 2. F v H 3. ~G 4) H ⊃ (G ⊃ I) / F ⊃ I 5) ~F 1,3 MT 6) H 2,5 DS 7) G ⊃ I 4,6 MP 8) F ⊃ I 1, 7 HS 25. 1) ~(A • B) v [~(E • F) (C ⊃ D)] 2) ~~(A • B) 3) ~(E • F) 4) D ⊃ G /C ⊃ G 5) ~(E • F) (C ⊃ D) 1,3 DS 6) C ⊃ D 3,5 MP 7) C ⊃ D 4,6 HS