NR 283 Exam Review 2 SKIN CH8
Layers of skin:
*varies in layer of thickness
Epidermis
a. Avascular/no nerves
b. Consists of 5 layers
c. Hair follicles
d. glands
Dermis
a. Elastic fibers
b. Collagen fibers
c. Flexibility & strength of the skin
d. Contains nerves & blood vessels
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
a. Connective tissue
b. Fat cells
c. Blood vessels
d. Nerves
e. Macrophages
f. fibroblasts
Keratin: waterproofing of the skin
Melanin: skin pigment- determines color of skin
Albinisim: lack melatonin production
lacks pigmentation in iris
White hair
White skin – susceptible to skin cancer
Autosomal rec
Vitiligo: small areas of hypopigmentation
Melasma: overproduction of melanin
Patches of darker skin
Dermis…
Sensory receptors:
Pressure
Touch
Pain
Heat
, Cold
Appendages of the skin:
Hair follicles
Sebaccous glands
Sweat glands
Functions of skin:
First line of defense
Prevents excessive fluid loss
Controls body temp
Active in sensory perception
Synthesizes vitamin D
Skin lesions:
Causes:
Systemic disorders- liver disease
Systemic infection- chicken pox
Allergies to ingest foods/drugs
Localized factors- exposure to toxins
Types:
Location
Length of time lesion has been present
Changes to occurring over time
Physical appearance- color, elevation, texture, type of exudate
Presence of pain or pruritus (itching)
Macules- freckles, sun spots; small, flat lesions
Papule- firm, elevated warts
Nodule- fatty tumor, benign
Pustule- elevated lesion filled w/ pus (pimple)
Vesicle- raised blister, filled w/serous fluid
Plaque- buildup of dead skin tissue, psoriasis (silvery color)
Crust- opened, dried vesicle, empitygo
Lichenification- leather-like appearance
Keloid- too much collagen
Fissures- cracks in a line, athlete’s foot
, Ulcer- lack of blood supply (longer healing period), open sore
Erosion- has a glistening appearance, a cut
Pemphigus- watery blisters; mouth/genitals
Comedone- bacteria under skin, blackhead/whitehead
a. Contact dermatitis- systemic; poison ivy, allergic to gold, nickel, etc
b. Irritant contact dermatitis; bleach (immersing hand in it for a long period of time)
c. Uticaria; hives
d. Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
e. Psoriasis; silvery plaque
f. emp=igus; type of vesicle
g. Scleroderma- skin tightness
Bacterial Infections:
Cellulitis
a. Cause: S. aureus or Streptococcus spp
b. s/s: reddened area, edematous (swollen), pain, red streaks
Furuncle
a. Cause: S. aureus; infected hair follicle
b. s/s: firm red lesion, abscess causes large amounts of purulent exudate
Carbuncle
a. Cause: cluster of furuncles (boil)
b. s/s: red painful bumps, pustule or crust
Impetigo
a. Cause: S. aureus or A group streptococcus; mainly caused in young kids appears around
mouth
b. s/s: vesicles, crust, pruritis,
Acute necrotizing fasciitis “flesh eating bacteria”
a. Cause: mixture of aerobic & anaerobic bacteria
b. s/s: inflamed, painful, dermal gangrene, systemic toxity: fever, tachycardia, hypotension
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease): causing nerve damage, fingers/nose will absorb back into body
a. Cause: Mycobacterium leprae
b. s/s: vary; affects skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves
Viral Infections:
Herpes simplex I “cold sore”: can remain latent
Herpes simplex II: sexually transmitted
Verrucae (warts)
Varicella (chicken pox): vesicles, itchy
Shingles: latent
Fungal Infections:
Layers of skin:
*varies in layer of thickness
Epidermis
a. Avascular/no nerves
b. Consists of 5 layers
c. Hair follicles
d. glands
Dermis
a. Elastic fibers
b. Collagen fibers
c. Flexibility & strength of the skin
d. Contains nerves & blood vessels
Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
a. Connective tissue
b. Fat cells
c. Blood vessels
d. Nerves
e. Macrophages
f. fibroblasts
Keratin: waterproofing of the skin
Melanin: skin pigment- determines color of skin
Albinisim: lack melatonin production
lacks pigmentation in iris
White hair
White skin – susceptible to skin cancer
Autosomal rec
Vitiligo: small areas of hypopigmentation
Melasma: overproduction of melanin
Patches of darker skin
Dermis…
Sensory receptors:
Pressure
Touch
Pain
Heat
, Cold
Appendages of the skin:
Hair follicles
Sebaccous glands
Sweat glands
Functions of skin:
First line of defense
Prevents excessive fluid loss
Controls body temp
Active in sensory perception
Synthesizes vitamin D
Skin lesions:
Causes:
Systemic disorders- liver disease
Systemic infection- chicken pox
Allergies to ingest foods/drugs
Localized factors- exposure to toxins
Types:
Location
Length of time lesion has been present
Changes to occurring over time
Physical appearance- color, elevation, texture, type of exudate
Presence of pain or pruritus (itching)
Macules- freckles, sun spots; small, flat lesions
Papule- firm, elevated warts
Nodule- fatty tumor, benign
Pustule- elevated lesion filled w/ pus (pimple)
Vesicle- raised blister, filled w/serous fluid
Plaque- buildup of dead skin tissue, psoriasis (silvery color)
Crust- opened, dried vesicle, empitygo
Lichenification- leather-like appearance
Keloid- too much collagen
Fissures- cracks in a line, athlete’s foot
, Ulcer- lack of blood supply (longer healing period), open sore
Erosion- has a glistening appearance, a cut
Pemphigus- watery blisters; mouth/genitals
Comedone- bacteria under skin, blackhead/whitehead
a. Contact dermatitis- systemic; poison ivy, allergic to gold, nickel, etc
b. Irritant contact dermatitis; bleach (immersing hand in it for a long period of time)
c. Uticaria; hives
d. Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
e. Psoriasis; silvery plaque
f. emp=igus; type of vesicle
g. Scleroderma- skin tightness
Bacterial Infections:
Cellulitis
a. Cause: S. aureus or Streptococcus spp
b. s/s: reddened area, edematous (swollen), pain, red streaks
Furuncle
a. Cause: S. aureus; infected hair follicle
b. s/s: firm red lesion, abscess causes large amounts of purulent exudate
Carbuncle
a. Cause: cluster of furuncles (boil)
b. s/s: red painful bumps, pustule or crust
Impetigo
a. Cause: S. aureus or A group streptococcus; mainly caused in young kids appears around
mouth
b. s/s: vesicles, crust, pruritis,
Acute necrotizing fasciitis “flesh eating bacteria”
a. Cause: mixture of aerobic & anaerobic bacteria
b. s/s: inflamed, painful, dermal gangrene, systemic toxity: fever, tachycardia, hypotension
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease): causing nerve damage, fingers/nose will absorb back into body
a. Cause: Mycobacterium leprae
b. s/s: vary; affects skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves
Viral Infections:
Herpes simplex I “cold sore”: can remain latent
Herpes simplex II: sexually transmitted
Verrucae (warts)
Varicella (chicken pox): vesicles, itchy
Shingles: latent
Fungal Infections:
