NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide
CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions)
1. EDEMA
Increased capillary permeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac dysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios)
-produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland
-Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone
-Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may cause spontaneous
fractures.
4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis)
-Excess hydrogen ions
-Decrease in serum pH
-Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution)
****Effects of Acidosis
Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem:
-Impaired nervous system function
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma and death
-Compensation
-Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations)
-Secretion of urine with a low pH
5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation happens)
-Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate
CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier
2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
-body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend
3. ICE AND EDEMA
-Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema
, 4. ASPIRIN
-aspirin in pediatrics risk for Reye’s Syndrome, complication involves brain and liver damage and can be
fatal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, phagocytize bacteria
-neutrophils (a leukocytes) and macrophage randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris and foreign
matter
CHAPTER 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS (10 questions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN
-Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs
2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
-death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
***How is MI Diagnosed?
-Diagnosis is confirmed through electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and serum enzyme and isoenzyme
levels.
-Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin are elevated;
-serum electrolyte levels may be abnormal;
-leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are
common;
-arterial blood gas is altered.
- Pulmonary artery pressure measurements should be conducted to determine ventricular function.
3. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
-Heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet metabolic demands of the body.
4. BETA-ADRENERGICS (slows heart rate)
-Prevent increased heart rate in response to Sympathetic Nervous System and Cholamines
-example: Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol, Propranolol, Nadolol
5. ENDOCARDITIS (Infective Endocarditis)
*Subacute is caused by Streptococcus viridans-----(Low virulent)
*Acute is caused by Staphylococcus aureus-----(High virulent)
6. PERICARDITIS
-leads to a large volume of fluid accumulating in the pericardial cavity, filling of the heart is restricted and
cardiac output is reduced by preventing ventricle in filling.
7. SEPTAL DEFECT
-Shunt from left → right because pressure is higher in left ventricle
8. SEPTIC SHOCK (Endotoxic)
-endotoxin from gram negative bacteria can lead to vasodilation leading to life threatening hypotension
CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions)
1. EDEMA
Increased capillary permeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac dysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios)
-produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland
-Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone
-Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may cause spontaneous
fractures.
4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis)
-Excess hydrogen ions
-Decrease in serum pH
-Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution)
****Effects of Acidosis
Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem:
-Impaired nervous system function
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma and death
-Compensation
-Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations)
-Secretion of urine with a low pH
5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation happens)
-Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate
CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier
2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
-body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend
3. ICE AND EDEMA
-Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema
, 4. ASPIRIN
-aspirin in pediatrics risk for Reye’s Syndrome, complication involves brain and liver damage and can be
fatal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, phagocytize bacteria
-neutrophils (a leukocytes) and macrophage randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris and foreign
matter
CHAPTER 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS (10 questions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN
-Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs
2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
-death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
***How is MI Diagnosed?
-Diagnosis is confirmed through electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and serum enzyme and isoenzyme
levels.
-Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin are elevated;
-serum electrolyte levels may be abnormal;
-leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are
common;
-arterial blood gas is altered.
- Pulmonary artery pressure measurements should be conducted to determine ventricular function.
3. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
-Heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet metabolic demands of the body.
4. BETA-ADRENERGICS (slows heart rate)
-Prevent increased heart rate in response to Sympathetic Nervous System and Cholamines
-example: Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol, Propranolol, Nadolol
5. ENDOCARDITIS (Infective Endocarditis)
*Subacute is caused by Streptococcus viridans-----(Low virulent)
*Acute is caused by Staphylococcus aureus-----(High virulent)
6. PERICARDITIS
-leads to a large volume of fluid accumulating in the pericardial cavity, filling of the heart is restricted and
cardiac output is reduced by preventing ventricle in filling.
7. SEPTAL DEFECT
-Shunt from left → right because pressure is higher in left ventricle
8. SEPTIC SHOCK (Endotoxic)
-endotoxin from gram negative bacteria can lead to vasodilation leading to life threatening hypotension
