NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 8: Skin Disorders
1. Viral infections
a. Take antiviral to reduce viral shedding (can’t proliferate)
2. Autoimmune skin disorders
a. Shingles
b. Pemphigus blisters
i. 2 forms = vulgaris & foliaceus
ii. Antibodies disrupt the cohesion between the epidermal cells causing blisters to form
iii. Treatment = systemic glucocorticoids such as prednisone & other immunosuppressants
3. Psoriasis
a. A chronic inflammatory skin disorder caused by abnormal T cell activation
b. Cells are shedding epithelium a lot faster than they should (increased mitosis) = flakiness
c. lesions found on face, scalp, elbows & knees
d. Treatment = glucocorticoids, tar preparations & antimetabolites
4. HSV I and HSV II (Herpes Simplex Virus I & II)
a. Type I = cold sores & fever blister
b. Type II = genital
c. Spread by direct contact
5. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
a. Types 1-4 = plantar warts
b. Types 6 & 11 = genital warts
c. Predisposing factor: Cancer Cervical
6. Fungal infections (mycoses)
a. Most are superficial
b. Diagnosed by skin scrapings
c. Treatment = topical antifungal
d. Athletes foot = Tinea pedis & Tinea capitis = cradle cap
7. Scabies
a. Invasion by mite bite (female burrows, male fertilizes the female & dies, female lays eggs & dies,
repeat)
b. highly communicable in any setting and does not respect social status
i. put patient in a private room
ii. nurse should wear gloves & gown
c. Itchy; Burrows appear on the skin as tiny, brown lines
d. Common sites = between the fingers, wrists, inner surface of elbow & waistline
e. Treatment = lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane)
8. Contact dermatitis
a. Exposure to an allergen = Pruritic rash (wool, itchy)
b. No immune response
c. Treatment = topical glucocorticoid
9. Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
a. A common problem in infancy & may persist in adulthood
b. A familial type I hypersensitivity often associated with hay fever & asthma
c. Atopic = refers to an inherited tendency toward allergic conditions
d. Etiology = chronic inflammation results from the response to allergens; eosinophilia (high level of
WBCs in the blood) & increased serum IgE levels indicate the allergic basis
e. S&S = pruritic lesions, skin appears dry & scaly
f. Treatment = avoid aggravating agents & topical glucocorticoids
10. Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)
, a. Myobacterium leprae
b. Infects the skin, mucous membrane & peripheral nerves
c. Determined by a skin biopsy
d. Treatment = antibiotics
11. Impetigo
a. Very contagious
b. Common in infants and children
c. Cause by S. aureus (antibiotic resistant strains are increasing)
d. Transmitted by close physical contact or fomites
e. Pruritis is common which leads to scratching & further spread of infection
f. Lesions usually on face
g. Treatment = topical antibiotic for early stages & systematic administration for extensive lesions
12. Scleroderma
a. Tight, thin, shiny, hard, immovable skin
b. increased collagen deposit in arterioles & capillaries reduces blood flow
c. Can be systemic
d. Raynaud disease cold finger tips
e. Treatment = anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs or corticosteroids & immunosuppressant
therapies
13. Kaposi Sarcoma
a. Usually in patients with HIV/AIDS (immunocompromised)
b. May affect the viscera as well as the skin
c. Etiology = Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV); malignant cells arise from the endothelium in small blood vessels
d. S&S = Multiple skin lesions (large, irregular shaped, may be darker in color aka purple/brownish) often
on the face, scalp, oral mucosa, or lower extremities
e. Treatment = combination of radiation, chemotherapy, surgery & biologic therapy
f. Put patient in protective isolation (protect them from our germs)
14. Malignant Melanoma
a. Melanocytes effected; usually detected late = a bad prognosis
b. Itchy, grows rapidly, metastasizes, irregular borders
c. Development depends on genetics, exposure to UV radiation (sunbathing), hormones, &
immunosuppressed
d. Treatment = surgery, radiation & chemotherapy
15. Basal Cell Carcinoma
a. Pearly white borders
16. Cancer
a. Radiation = shrinks’ tissue
b. Chemotherapy = eradicates cells
c. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
d. Monitor white blood count
17. Pediculosis = lice
Chapter 13: Respiratory Disorders
1. Primary control centers for breathing are located in the medulla and pons
2. Pulmonary Volumes
a. Tidal Volume (TV) = amount of air entering lungs with each normal breath (500mL)
b. Residual Volume (RV) = amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration (1200mL)
c. Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) = maximal amount of air that can be inhaled in excess of normal quiet
inspiration (3000mL)
d. Expiratory Reserve (ERV) = maximal volume of air expired following a passive expiration (1100mL)
e. Vital Capacity (VC) = maximal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration (4600mL)
i. Incentive spirometer used to measure this
f. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = total volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration (5800mL)
3. Dyspnea = a subjective feeling of discomfort that occurs when a person feels unable to inhale enough air
Chapter 8: Skin Disorders
1. Viral infections
a. Take antiviral to reduce viral shedding (can’t proliferate)
2. Autoimmune skin disorders
a. Shingles
b. Pemphigus blisters
i. 2 forms = vulgaris & foliaceus
ii. Antibodies disrupt the cohesion between the epidermal cells causing blisters to form
iii. Treatment = systemic glucocorticoids such as prednisone & other immunosuppressants
3. Psoriasis
a. A chronic inflammatory skin disorder caused by abnormal T cell activation
b. Cells are shedding epithelium a lot faster than they should (increased mitosis) = flakiness
c. lesions found on face, scalp, elbows & knees
d. Treatment = glucocorticoids, tar preparations & antimetabolites
4. HSV I and HSV II (Herpes Simplex Virus I & II)
a. Type I = cold sores & fever blister
b. Type II = genital
c. Spread by direct contact
5. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
a. Types 1-4 = plantar warts
b. Types 6 & 11 = genital warts
c. Predisposing factor: Cancer Cervical
6. Fungal infections (mycoses)
a. Most are superficial
b. Diagnosed by skin scrapings
c. Treatment = topical antifungal
d. Athletes foot = Tinea pedis & Tinea capitis = cradle cap
7. Scabies
a. Invasion by mite bite (female burrows, male fertilizes the female & dies, female lays eggs & dies,
repeat)
b. highly communicable in any setting and does not respect social status
i. put patient in a private room
ii. nurse should wear gloves & gown
c. Itchy; Burrows appear on the skin as tiny, brown lines
d. Common sites = between the fingers, wrists, inner surface of elbow & waistline
e. Treatment = lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane)
8. Contact dermatitis
a. Exposure to an allergen = Pruritic rash (wool, itchy)
b. No immune response
c. Treatment = topical glucocorticoid
9. Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
a. A common problem in infancy & may persist in adulthood
b. A familial type I hypersensitivity often associated with hay fever & asthma
c. Atopic = refers to an inherited tendency toward allergic conditions
d. Etiology = chronic inflammation results from the response to allergens; eosinophilia (high level of
WBCs in the blood) & increased serum IgE levels indicate the allergic basis
e. S&S = pruritic lesions, skin appears dry & scaly
f. Treatment = avoid aggravating agents & topical glucocorticoids
10. Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)
, a. Myobacterium leprae
b. Infects the skin, mucous membrane & peripheral nerves
c. Determined by a skin biopsy
d. Treatment = antibiotics
11. Impetigo
a. Very contagious
b. Common in infants and children
c. Cause by S. aureus (antibiotic resistant strains are increasing)
d. Transmitted by close physical contact or fomites
e. Pruritis is common which leads to scratching & further spread of infection
f. Lesions usually on face
g. Treatment = topical antibiotic for early stages & systematic administration for extensive lesions
12. Scleroderma
a. Tight, thin, shiny, hard, immovable skin
b. increased collagen deposit in arterioles & capillaries reduces blood flow
c. Can be systemic
d. Raynaud disease cold finger tips
e. Treatment = anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs or corticosteroids & immunosuppressant
therapies
13. Kaposi Sarcoma
a. Usually in patients with HIV/AIDS (immunocompromised)
b. May affect the viscera as well as the skin
c. Etiology = Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV); malignant cells arise from the endothelium in small blood vessels
d. S&S = Multiple skin lesions (large, irregular shaped, may be darker in color aka purple/brownish) often
on the face, scalp, oral mucosa, or lower extremities
e. Treatment = combination of radiation, chemotherapy, surgery & biologic therapy
f. Put patient in protective isolation (protect them from our germs)
14. Malignant Melanoma
a. Melanocytes effected; usually detected late = a bad prognosis
b. Itchy, grows rapidly, metastasizes, irregular borders
c. Development depends on genetics, exposure to UV radiation (sunbathing), hormones, &
immunosuppressed
d. Treatment = surgery, radiation & chemotherapy
15. Basal Cell Carcinoma
a. Pearly white borders
16. Cancer
a. Radiation = shrinks’ tissue
b. Chemotherapy = eradicates cells
c. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
d. Monitor white blood count
17. Pediculosis = lice
Chapter 13: Respiratory Disorders
1. Primary control centers for breathing are located in the medulla and pons
2. Pulmonary Volumes
a. Tidal Volume (TV) = amount of air entering lungs with each normal breath (500mL)
b. Residual Volume (RV) = amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration (1200mL)
c. Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) = maximal amount of air that can be inhaled in excess of normal quiet
inspiration (3000mL)
d. Expiratory Reserve (ERV) = maximal volume of air expired following a passive expiration (1100mL)
e. Vital Capacity (VC) = maximal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration (4600mL)
i. Incentive spirometer used to measure this
f. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = total volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration (5800mL)
3. Dyspnea = a subjective feeling of discomfort that occurs when a person feels unable to inhale enough air
