Chapter 12-Cardiovascular Disorders
Pre-work
NR 283 CHAPTER 12- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Name__________________________________________
List and describe the four ways to measure cardiac function. PAGE 228
Cardiac output the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute and depends on heart rate and
stroke volume, the volume pumped from one ventricle in one contraction.
Cardiac reserve the ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand.
Preload the mechanical state of the heart at the end of diastole with the ventricles at their max volume.
Afterload the force required to eject blood from the ventricles and is determined by the peripheral
resistance to the opening of the semilunar valves.
Describe the difference between arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis. PAGE 233-234
Arteriosclerosis: Degenerative changes in the small arteries and arterioles. “hardening of the arteries”
Atherosclerosis: by the presence of atheroma, plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris,
often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of large arteries.
List the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. PAGE 235-
237
Modifiable Non-modifiable
Age Obesity
Gender Cigarette smoking
Genetics Sedentary lifestyle
Presence of diabetes mellitus
Poorly controlled hypertension
Combination of some oral contraceptives
Combination of high BP and high cholesterol
What harmful effects does atherosclerosis have on the heart?
What is angina pectoris? Describe the cause? PAGE 238
Angina, or chest pain, occurs when there is deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle. Occurs when the
blood or oxygen supply to the myocardium is impaired, when the heart is working harder than usual
and needs more oxygen, or a combination of both.
, Chapter 12-Cardiovascular Disorders
Pre-work
NR 283 CHAPTER 12- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Name__________________________________________
List the three different patterns of angina pectoris & a causes for each. PAGE 238
1.classic or exertional
2.variant
3.unstable
List four manifestations of angina pectoris. PAGE 239
1. Triggered by physical or emotional stress
2. Recurrent, intermittent brief episodes
3. Substernal CP, -tightness, pressure
4. Pallor, diaphoresis, nausea
Describe the pathophysiology of a myocardial infarction. PAGE 240
An MI or heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is totally obstructed, leading to a prolonged
ischemia and cell death, or infarction of the heart wall.
List the three ways that a myocardial infarction may develop. PAGE 240
1. The thrombus may build up to obstruct the artery
2. Vasospasm may occur in the presence of partial occlusion by atheroma leading to total obstruction.
3. Part of the thrombus may break away forming an embolus or emboli that flows through the
coronary artery lodging in a smaller branch blocking that vessel
List five manifestations of a myocardial infarction. PAGE 241
1. Sudden, constant substernal CP
2. Radiation of pain to left arm, shoulder, jaw, neck
3. Pallor and diaphoresis
4. Dizziness and nausea
5. Anxiety, fear
Pre-work
NR 283 CHAPTER 12- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Name__________________________________________
List and describe the four ways to measure cardiac function. PAGE 228
Cardiac output the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute and depends on heart rate and
stroke volume, the volume pumped from one ventricle in one contraction.
Cardiac reserve the ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand.
Preload the mechanical state of the heart at the end of diastole with the ventricles at their max volume.
Afterload the force required to eject blood from the ventricles and is determined by the peripheral
resistance to the opening of the semilunar valves.
Describe the difference between arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis. PAGE 233-234
Arteriosclerosis: Degenerative changes in the small arteries and arterioles. “hardening of the arteries”
Atherosclerosis: by the presence of atheroma, plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris,
often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of large arteries.
List the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis. PAGE 235-
237
Modifiable Non-modifiable
Age Obesity
Gender Cigarette smoking
Genetics Sedentary lifestyle
Presence of diabetes mellitus
Poorly controlled hypertension
Combination of some oral contraceptives
Combination of high BP and high cholesterol
What harmful effects does atherosclerosis have on the heart?
What is angina pectoris? Describe the cause? PAGE 238
Angina, or chest pain, occurs when there is deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle. Occurs when the
blood or oxygen supply to the myocardium is impaired, when the heart is working harder than usual
and needs more oxygen, or a combination of both.
, Chapter 12-Cardiovascular Disorders
Pre-work
NR 283 CHAPTER 12- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Name__________________________________________
List the three different patterns of angina pectoris & a causes for each. PAGE 238
1.classic or exertional
2.variant
3.unstable
List four manifestations of angina pectoris. PAGE 239
1. Triggered by physical or emotional stress
2. Recurrent, intermittent brief episodes
3. Substernal CP, -tightness, pressure
4. Pallor, diaphoresis, nausea
Describe the pathophysiology of a myocardial infarction. PAGE 240
An MI or heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is totally obstructed, leading to a prolonged
ischemia and cell death, or infarction of the heart wall.
List the three ways that a myocardial infarction may develop. PAGE 240
1. The thrombus may build up to obstruct the artery
2. Vasospasm may occur in the presence of partial occlusion by atheroma leading to total obstruction.
3. Part of the thrombus may break away forming an embolus or emboli that flows through the
coronary artery lodging in a smaller branch blocking that vessel
List five manifestations of a myocardial infarction. PAGE 241
1. Sudden, constant substernal CP
2. Radiation of pain to left arm, shoulder, jaw, neck
3. Pallor and diaphoresis
4. Dizziness and nausea
5. Anxiety, fear
