NR 283 UNIT 1 PRE-CLASS QUESTIONS
(Chapters 1, 2, & 21)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
1. What are the 7 steps of health?
Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.
Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruits a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you
drink alcohol, limit your intake to one to two drinks a day.
Be physically active on a regular basis. This will also help you maintain a healthy body weight.
Protect yourself and your family from the sun.
Follow cancer screening guidelines.
Visit you doctor or dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health.
Follow health and safety instructions at home and work when using, storing, and disposing of
hazardous materials.
2. What is the definition of disease?
A deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, system (or combination of
these), or from a state of wellness.
3. Describe what homeostasis is:
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes.
a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed)
Blood pressure, body temperature, and fluid balance.
4. Describe the following & list examples:
a. Primary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in
the first place. Examples include education about good nutrition, importance of regular
exercise, dangers of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, seat belt and helmet use, regular
exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness, immunizations, controlling
potential hazards at home.
b. Secondary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Happens after an illness or serious risk factor has already been diagnosed, and goal is to
halt or slow the progress of disease in its earliest stages, in case of injury, goals include
limiting long-term disability and preventing reinjury. Examples include: daily, low-dose
aspirin to prevent first or second heart attack or stroke, recommending regular exams
and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness, and providing suitably
modified work for injured workers.
c. Tertiary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as
diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain, and goals include
further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. Examples include: cardiac
, NR 283 UNIT 1 PRE-CLASS QUESTIONS
or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic pain management programs, and patient
support groups.
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, track
certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about predisposing conditions or current
treatments?
World Health Organization (WHO), United States Public Health Service, and Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC)
6. Describe each characteristic of disease:
Pathogenesis: development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
to related to the specific disease process.
Onset/sudden/insidious: gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs.
Acute: short-term illness develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain.
Chronic: milder condition developing gradually, like rheumatoid arthritis, but it persists for a
long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage.
Subclinical: exists in some conditions in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits
no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs.
Latent: silent stage, in which no clinical signs are evident.
Incubation: time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms,
may last for a day or so, may be prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Prodromal: compromises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a
change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific, and even lab tests could be wrong during this
period.
Manifestations: clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms, of disease, such as swelling
and redness, may be local, found at site of the problem, or could be systemic meaning they are
general indicators of illness, like fever.
Signs: are objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected
individual, such as local, found at site of problem, like skin rash or fever.
Symptoms: are subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea.
Lesion: specific location changes in the tissue, like a pimple or blister on skin.
Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ, usually occur
together in response to a certain condition.
Diagnostic tests: lab tests that assist in diagnosis of a specific disease.
Remissions and exacerbations: mark the course of the progress of the disease. Remission is a
period or condition in which manifestations of the disease subside, either permanently or
temporarily. Exacerbation is a worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms.
Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure in an individual
with a seizure disorder.
Complications: new secondary or additional problems arise after the original disease begins.
Therapy: therapeutic interventions are treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow
the progress of disease.
Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, like paralysis after stroke.
Convalescence or rehabilitation: recovery and return to normal healthy state. Days to months.
7. What is prophylaxis and why is it important? What are some examples of prophylactic measures in
health care?
(Chapters 1, 2, & 21)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
1. What are the 7 steps of health?
Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.
Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruits a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you
drink alcohol, limit your intake to one to two drinks a day.
Be physically active on a regular basis. This will also help you maintain a healthy body weight.
Protect yourself and your family from the sun.
Follow cancer screening guidelines.
Visit you doctor or dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health.
Follow health and safety instructions at home and work when using, storing, and disposing of
hazardous materials.
2. What is the definition of disease?
A deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, system (or combination of
these), or from a state of wellness.
3. Describe what homeostasis is:
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes.
a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed)
Blood pressure, body temperature, and fluid balance.
4. Describe the following & list examples:
a. Primary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in
the first place. Examples include education about good nutrition, importance of regular
exercise, dangers of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, seat belt and helmet use, regular
exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness, immunizations, controlling
potential hazards at home.
b. Secondary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Happens after an illness or serious risk factor has already been diagnosed, and goal is to
halt or slow the progress of disease in its earliest stages, in case of injury, goals include
limiting long-term disability and preventing reinjury. Examples include: daily, low-dose
aspirin to prevent first or second heart attack or stroke, recommending regular exams
and screening tests in people with known risk factors for illness, and providing suitably
modified work for injured workers.
c. Tertiary Prevention
i. When is this implemented?
o Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as
diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain, and goals include
further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. Examples include: cardiac
, NR 283 UNIT 1 PRE-CLASS QUESTIONS
or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic pain management programs, and patient
support groups.
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, track
certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about predisposing conditions or current
treatments?
World Health Organization (WHO), United States Public Health Service, and Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC)
6. Describe each characteristic of disease:
Pathogenesis: development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
to related to the specific disease process.
Onset/sudden/insidious: gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs.
Acute: short-term illness develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain.
Chronic: milder condition developing gradually, like rheumatoid arthritis, but it persists for a
long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage.
Subclinical: exists in some conditions in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits
no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs.
Latent: silent stage, in which no clinical signs are evident.
Incubation: time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms,
may last for a day or so, may be prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Prodromal: compromises the time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a
change in the body, but the signs are nonspecific, and even lab tests could be wrong during this
period.
Manifestations: clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms, of disease, such as swelling
and redness, may be local, found at site of the problem, or could be systemic meaning they are
general indicators of illness, like fever.
Signs: are objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected
individual, such as local, found at site of problem, like skin rash or fever.
Symptoms: are subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea.
Lesion: specific location changes in the tissue, like a pimple or blister on skin.
Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms often affecting more than one organ, usually occur
together in response to a certain condition.
Diagnostic tests: lab tests that assist in diagnosis of a specific disease.
Remissions and exacerbations: mark the course of the progress of the disease. Remission is a
period or condition in which manifestations of the disease subside, either permanently or
temporarily. Exacerbation is a worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms.
Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure in an individual
with a seizure disorder.
Complications: new secondary or additional problems arise after the original disease begins.
Therapy: therapeutic interventions are treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow
the progress of disease.
Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, like paralysis after stroke.
Convalescence or rehabilitation: recovery and return to normal healthy state. Days to months.
7. What is prophylaxis and why is it important? What are some examples of prophylactic measures in
health care?
