Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
1
, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Editors:
Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
Alson S. Inaba, MD
Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD
Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD
Department of Pediatrics
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine
Kapiolani Medical Center For Women And Children
Honolulu, Hawaii
Copyright 2004, Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School
of Medicine
2
, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
I. Office Primary Care: Section Editor - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD
1. Pediatric Primary Care - Melinda J. Ashton, MD........................................................................16
2. Growth Monitoring - Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD .....................................................................19
3. Developmental Screening of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD . 21
4. Immunizations - Dennis A. Conrad, MD.....................................................................................24
5. Hearing Screening - Teresa Han Seo ...........................................................................................30
6. Anticipatory Guidance - Corinne C. Chan-Nishina, MD ............................................................32
7. Common Behavioral Problems in Toddlers and Young Children - Sharon M. Tisza, MD . 35
8. Disabilities and Physician Interactions with Schools - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD .......................38
9. Autism and Language Difficulties - Mai Anh K. Nguyen, MD ..................................................40
10. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD .......................................43
11. Medical Insurance Basics - Richard Y. Mitsunaga, MD ...........................................................46
12. Pediatric Dental Basics - Cindy W. Yang..................................................................................50
II. Nutrition: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Overview - Caron M. Hong .........................................................................................................54
2. Breast Feeding - Meta T. Lee, MD, MSEd..................................................................................57
3. Infant Formulas - Nadine Tenn Salle, MD ..................................................................................60
4. Fluids and Electrolytes - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ..............................................62
5. Failure to Thrive - Anthony P. S. Guerrero, MD.........................................................................69
6. Malnutrition and Vitamin Deficiencies - Adeline Winkes, MD ..................................................71
III. Neonatology: Section Editor - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
1. Routine Newborn Care - Joan Ceccarelli Meister, MD ............................................................... 75
2. Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia - Carol Hirai, MD.........................................................................77
3. Newborn Resuscitation - Sheree Kuo, MD .................................................................................81
4. High Risk Pregnancy - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD......................................................................84
5. Common Problems of the Preterm Infant - Venkataraman Balaraman, MBBS ..........................87
6. Respiratory Distress in the Newborn - Daniel T. Murai, MD......................................................90
7. Cyanosis in Newborns - Kenneth Ash, MD ................................................................................94
8. Neonatal Hypoglycemia - Joel Ruff, MD ....................................................................................97
9. Neonatal Seizures - Lynn M. Iwamoto, MD ...............................................................................101
10. Neonatal Sepsis - Sherry W.H. Loo, MD ..................................................................................103
11. Congenital and Perinatal Infections - Sheree Kuo, MD ............................................................107
12. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - Kelly S. Yamasato ..........................................................................111
IV. Genetics: Section Editor - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
1. Prenatal Genetic Screening and Testing - Greigh I. Hirata, MD .................................................114
2. Congenital Malformation and Teratogenesis - Greigh I. Hirata, MD ..........................................116
3. Common Chromosomal Disorders - Julie Won Ireland, MD ......................................................119
4. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Catherine Y.H. Wagoner, MD ....................................................122
5. Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders - Steven C. Crook, MD..................................................126
6. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy - Steven C. Crook, MD .......................................................128
7. Basic Genetics Principles - Bryan O. King, MS ..........................................................................130
V. Allergy and Immunology: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Common Allergies and Management - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD ..........................................134
2. Anaphylaxis and Other Acute Allergic Reactions - Todd T. Kuwaye, MD, MS .........................141
3. Food Allergies - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD .............................................................................143
4. Corticosteroids - M. Scott Hickman, MD ....................................................................................148
5. Immune Deficiency - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD .....................................................................152
6. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Graft Versus Host Disease - Jocelyn M. Sonson . 159
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, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
VI. Infectious Disease: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Virology - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ....................................................................162
2. Bacteriology - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ..............................................................165
3. Fever - Marian E. Melish, MD ....................................................................................................169
4. Inhibitory and Bactericidal Principles (MIC & MBC) - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA 174
5. Antibiotics - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA .................................................................177
6. Otitis Media and Otitis Externa - Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD ...................................................181
7. Sinusitis - Kathleen Morimoto, MD ............................................................................................184
8. Mastoiditis - Kathleen Morimoto, MD ........................................................................................185
9. Oral and Upper Respiratory Infections - Joel Ruff, MD ..............................................................187
10. Pertussis - Leo U. Pascua, MD ..................................................................................................191
11. Pulmonary Infections - Kimberly N. Otsuka, MD .....................................................................194
12. Croup and Epiglottitis - Paul J. Eakin, MD ...............................................................................198
13. Cellulitis - Leo U. Pascua, MD ..................................................................................................201
14. Meningitis - Raul Rudoy, MD ...................................................................................................204
15. Encephalitis - Jonathan K. Marr, MD ........................................................................................207
16. Sepsis - Guliz Erdem, MD .........................................................................................................212
17. Kawasaki Disease - Kara S. Yamamoto, MD & Marian E. Melish, MD ...................................215
18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndromes - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD . 218
19. Tuberculosis - Wallace J. Matthews, Jr., MD ............................................................................222
20. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections - Guliz Erdem, MD & Cecilia M. Shikuma, MD . 225
21. Sexually Transmitted Infections - Reina M. Ahern, MD ...........................................................229
22. Common Viral Exanthems - Kalamaoka'aina Kil Soon Niheu, MD..........................................234
23. Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - Jhoanna D. Mabutas MD .........................................................237
24. Polio - Rodney K. Yamaki ........................................................................................................239
25. Rabies - Grant L.Y. Chen, MS ..................................................................................................242
26. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Douglas K. Kwock, MD .......................................................245
27. Lyme Disease - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD ..........................................................................247
28. Leptospirosis - Selena S.P. Chen, MD, MPH ............................................................................250
29. Cat Scratch Disease - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD .................................................................252
30. Malaria - M. Scott Hickman, MD ..............................................................................................254
31. Protozoans and Parasites - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA .........................................258
32. Candidal and Fungal Infections - Wendy C. Matsuno, MD ......................................................261
33. Necrotizing Fasciitis - Chad S.D. Sparks...................................................................................264
34. Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis - Teresa M. Bane-Terakubo, MD ........................................267
VII. Cardiology: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Congestive Heart Failure - Lance K. Shirai, MD, MS .................................................................269
2. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease - Edgar C.K. Ho, MD ........................................................272
3. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease - D. Venu Reddy, MD, MPH ..............................................275
4. Rheumatic Fever - David K. Kurahara, MD ................................................................................278
5. Carditis - David K.M. Wong, MD ...............................................................................................282
6. Arrhythmias - Lance K. Shirai, MD, MS.....................................................................................286
7. Vascular Rings and Slings - Cheryl M. Takao, MD ....................................................................289
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1
, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Editors:
Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
Alson S. Inaba, MD
Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD
Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD
Department of Pediatrics
University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine
Kapiolani Medical Center For Women And Children
Honolulu, Hawaii
Copyright 2004, Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School
of Medicine
2
, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
I. Office Primary Care: Section Editor - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD
1. Pediatric Primary Care - Melinda J. Ashton, MD........................................................................16
2. Growth Monitoring - Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD .....................................................................19
3. Developmental Screening of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD . 21
4. Immunizations - Dennis A. Conrad, MD.....................................................................................24
5. Hearing Screening - Teresa Han Seo ...........................................................................................30
6. Anticipatory Guidance - Corinne C. Chan-Nishina, MD ............................................................32
7. Common Behavioral Problems in Toddlers and Young Children - Sharon M. Tisza, MD . 35
8. Disabilities and Physician Interactions with Schools - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD .......................38
9. Autism and Language Difficulties - Mai Anh K. Nguyen, MD ..................................................40
10. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD .......................................43
11. Medical Insurance Basics - Richard Y. Mitsunaga, MD ...........................................................46
12. Pediatric Dental Basics - Cindy W. Yang..................................................................................50
II. Nutrition: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Overview - Caron M. Hong .........................................................................................................54
2. Breast Feeding - Meta T. Lee, MD, MSEd..................................................................................57
3. Infant Formulas - Nadine Tenn Salle, MD ..................................................................................60
4. Fluids and Electrolytes - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ..............................................62
5. Failure to Thrive - Anthony P. S. Guerrero, MD.........................................................................69
6. Malnutrition and Vitamin Deficiencies - Adeline Winkes, MD ..................................................71
III. Neonatology: Section Editor - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
1. Routine Newborn Care - Joan Ceccarelli Meister, MD ............................................................... 75
2. Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia - Carol Hirai, MD.........................................................................77
3. Newborn Resuscitation - Sheree Kuo, MD .................................................................................81
4. High Risk Pregnancy - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD......................................................................84
5. Common Problems of the Preterm Infant - Venkataraman Balaraman, MBBS ..........................87
6. Respiratory Distress in the Newborn - Daniel T. Murai, MD......................................................90
7. Cyanosis in Newborns - Kenneth Ash, MD ................................................................................94
8. Neonatal Hypoglycemia - Joel Ruff, MD ....................................................................................97
9. Neonatal Seizures - Lynn M. Iwamoto, MD ...............................................................................101
10. Neonatal Sepsis - Sherry W.H. Loo, MD ..................................................................................103
11. Congenital and Perinatal Infections - Sheree Kuo, MD ............................................................107
12. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - Kelly S. Yamasato ..........................................................................111
IV. Genetics: Section Editor - Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD
1. Prenatal Genetic Screening and Testing - Greigh I. Hirata, MD .................................................114
2. Congenital Malformation and Teratogenesis - Greigh I. Hirata, MD ..........................................116
3. Common Chromosomal Disorders - Julie Won Ireland, MD ......................................................119
4. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Catherine Y.H. Wagoner, MD ....................................................122
5. Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders - Steven C. Crook, MD..................................................126
6. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy - Steven C. Crook, MD .......................................................128
7. Basic Genetics Principles - Bryan O. King, MS ..........................................................................130
V. Allergy and Immunology: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Common Allergies and Management - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD ..........................................134
2. Anaphylaxis and Other Acute Allergic Reactions - Todd T. Kuwaye, MD, MS .........................141
3. Food Allergies - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD .............................................................................143
4. Corticosteroids - M. Scott Hickman, MD ....................................................................................148
5. Immune Deficiency - Akaluck Thatayatikom, MD .....................................................................152
6. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Graft Versus Host Disease - Jocelyn M. Sonson . 159
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, Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents
VI. Infectious Disease: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Virology - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ....................................................................162
2. Bacteriology - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA ..............................................................165
3. Fever - Marian E. Melish, MD ....................................................................................................169
4. Inhibitory and Bactericidal Principles (MIC & MBC) - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA 174
5. Antibiotics - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA .................................................................177
6. Otitis Media and Otitis Externa - Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD ...................................................181
7. Sinusitis - Kathleen Morimoto, MD ............................................................................................184
8. Mastoiditis - Kathleen Morimoto, MD ........................................................................................185
9. Oral and Upper Respiratory Infections - Joel Ruff, MD ..............................................................187
10. Pertussis - Leo U. Pascua, MD ..................................................................................................191
11. Pulmonary Infections - Kimberly N. Otsuka, MD .....................................................................194
12. Croup and Epiglottitis - Paul J. Eakin, MD ...............................................................................198
13. Cellulitis - Leo U. Pascua, MD ..................................................................................................201
14. Meningitis - Raul Rudoy, MD ...................................................................................................204
15. Encephalitis - Jonathan K. Marr, MD ........................................................................................207
16. Sepsis - Guliz Erdem, MD .........................................................................................................212
17. Kawasaki Disease - Kara S. Yamamoto, MD & Marian E. Melish, MD ...................................215
18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndromes - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD . 218
19. Tuberculosis - Wallace J. Matthews, Jr., MD ............................................................................222
20. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections - Guliz Erdem, MD & Cecilia M. Shikuma, MD . 225
21. Sexually Transmitted Infections - Reina M. Ahern, MD ...........................................................229
22. Common Viral Exanthems - Kalamaoka'aina Kil Soon Niheu, MD..........................................234
23. Epstein-Barr Virus Infections - Jhoanna D. Mabutas MD .........................................................237
24. Polio - Rodney K. Yamaki ........................................................................................................239
25. Rabies - Grant L.Y. Chen, MS ..................................................................................................242
26. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - Douglas K. Kwock, MD .......................................................245
27. Lyme Disease - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD ..........................................................................247
28. Leptospirosis - Selena S.P. Chen, MD, MPH ............................................................................250
29. Cat Scratch Disease - Judy Makowski Vincent, MD .................................................................252
30. Malaria - M. Scott Hickman, MD ..............................................................................................254
31. Protozoans and Parasites - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA .........................................258
32. Candidal and Fungal Infections - Wendy C. Matsuno, MD ......................................................261
33. Necrotizing Fasciitis - Chad S.D. Sparks...................................................................................264
34. Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis - Teresa M. Bane-Terakubo, MD ........................................267
VII. Cardiology: Section Editor - Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA
1. Congestive Heart Failure - Lance K. Shirai, MD, MS .................................................................269
2. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease - Edgar C.K. Ho, MD ........................................................272
3. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease - D. Venu Reddy, MD, MPH ..............................................275
4. Rheumatic Fever - David K. Kurahara, MD ................................................................................278
5. Carditis - David K.M. Wong, MD ...............................................................................................282
6. Arrhythmias - Lance K. Shirai, MD, MS.....................................................................................286
7. Vascular Rings and Slings - Cheryl M. Takao, MD ....................................................................289
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