Exam 1 Cardiovascular
What are the three layers of the heart? - endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Where do the electrical impulse of a heart usually begin? - SA node
What are two ways blood pressure increases? - Vasoconstrictors and retaining too
much fluids
What is RAAS? - renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system
what is a murmur? - turbulent blood flow through a valve
What is stage 1 HTN? - 140-160/90-100
What is stage 2 hypertension? - >160/>100
What is prehypertension? - 120-139/80-89
What is CO and how is it calculated? - Cardiac output is the volume of blood that
passes through the heart in one minute
CO= SV x HR
What is stroke volume? - the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one
contraction
What does a QRS complex show? - depolarization of the ventricles
What does a P wave show? - atrial depolarization
What does a T wave show? - ventricular repolarization
What does a U wave show? - if it's seen, it may represent depolarization of Purkinile
Fibers
What is systole and diastole? - systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
How do you calculate MAP? - 2(SBP + DBP)/3
What is a hypertensive crisis? - 180/120
Who cannot have a cardiac MRI? - anyone who has a pacemaker
, which ECG test monitors the patient constantly for 24-48 hours? - Holter monitoring
What is the most important modifiable risk factor for the development of CVD? -
Hypertension
How is BP calculated? - BP = CO x SVR
What are common complications of HTN? - stroke, blurry or double vision, heart failure,
erectile dysfunction, decreased blood flow
What is a common sign of hypertensive emergency? - Organ damage
What is the cause of hypertensive crisis or emergency? - noncompliance, under
medicated, illicit drug use
what is the goal in lowering BP due to crisis or emergency? - lower it by 25% UNLESS
ischemia stroke or aortic dissection occurred
what is the most effective drug used to treat hypertensive crisis? - sodium nitroprusside
What is spirolactone? - potassium sparing diuretic, it's used to treat high blood pressure
and treat fluid retention, monitor for orthostatic HTN
What is furosemide used for? - loop diuretic used to treat edema or HF
What is HCTZ used for? - used to treat high blood pressure and edema
What is clonidine? - a central acting adrenergic agonist that reduces sympathetic
outflow from the CNS. used to treat HTN and ADHD
What is metoprolol? - beta blocker, used to treat HTN
What is propranolol? - non-selective beta blocker, used to treat HTN
What is labetalol? - alpha and beta blocker, used for HTN
what is lisinopril - ACE inhibitor, used for HTN, can cause a prolonged cough
What is Losartan? - ARB, can take 3-6 weeks to see effects
What is verapamil? - calcium channel blocker, (very nice drugs) use with caution in pt
with HF, no grapefruits for this pt
what is nifedipine? - calcium channel blocker, (very nice drugs) it relaxes smooth
muscle causing decrease SVR and BP
What are the three layers of the heart? - endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Where do the electrical impulse of a heart usually begin? - SA node
What are two ways blood pressure increases? - Vasoconstrictors and retaining too
much fluids
What is RAAS? - renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system
what is a murmur? - turbulent blood flow through a valve
What is stage 1 HTN? - 140-160/90-100
What is stage 2 hypertension? - >160/>100
What is prehypertension? - 120-139/80-89
What is CO and how is it calculated? - Cardiac output is the volume of blood that
passes through the heart in one minute
CO= SV x HR
What is stroke volume? - the amount of blood ejected by the heart in any one
contraction
What does a QRS complex show? - depolarization of the ventricles
What does a P wave show? - atrial depolarization
What does a T wave show? - ventricular repolarization
What does a U wave show? - if it's seen, it may represent depolarization of Purkinile
Fibers
What is systole and diastole? - systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
How do you calculate MAP? - 2(SBP + DBP)/3
What is a hypertensive crisis? - 180/120
Who cannot have a cardiac MRI? - anyone who has a pacemaker
, which ECG test monitors the patient constantly for 24-48 hours? - Holter monitoring
What is the most important modifiable risk factor for the development of CVD? -
Hypertension
How is BP calculated? - BP = CO x SVR
What are common complications of HTN? - stroke, blurry or double vision, heart failure,
erectile dysfunction, decreased blood flow
What is a common sign of hypertensive emergency? - Organ damage
What is the cause of hypertensive crisis or emergency? - noncompliance, under
medicated, illicit drug use
what is the goal in lowering BP due to crisis or emergency? - lower it by 25% UNLESS
ischemia stroke or aortic dissection occurred
what is the most effective drug used to treat hypertensive crisis? - sodium nitroprusside
What is spirolactone? - potassium sparing diuretic, it's used to treat high blood pressure
and treat fluid retention, monitor for orthostatic HTN
What is furosemide used for? - loop diuretic used to treat edema or HF
What is HCTZ used for? - used to treat high blood pressure and edema
What is clonidine? - a central acting adrenergic agonist that reduces sympathetic
outflow from the CNS. used to treat HTN and ADHD
What is metoprolol? - beta blocker, used to treat HTN
What is propranolol? - non-selective beta blocker, used to treat HTN
What is labetalol? - alpha and beta blocker, used for HTN
what is lisinopril - ACE inhibitor, used for HTN, can cause a prolonged cough
What is Losartan? - ARB, can take 3-6 weeks to see effects
What is verapamil? - calcium channel blocker, (very nice drugs) use with caution in pt
with HF, no grapefruits for this pt
what is nifedipine? - calcium channel blocker, (very nice drugs) it relaxes smooth
muscle causing decrease SVR and BP
