C1 The industrial revolution
1. Agricultural revolution
• For centuries: 90% of the population = farmer
Lack of manure (=mest) -> lot of farmland is uncultivated or fallow (=braak)
• 16th century innovation:
o Three-field system
- Time to recover one soil
- One soil is fallow
o Crop rotation
- New crops like turnips and clover were planted
➔ to feed the cattle (not slauther them)
➔ not deplete the land but were a fertilizer (=meststof) to the soil, enriches the soil
➔ bigger amount of land cultivated
➔ increased production of meat and manure
• Effects
o Increase of crop yields
Bv. England (15th and 16th century)
➔ Less famine (=hongersnood)
➔ Drop child mortality
o Increase of population
o More people available to work in other industries
• Enclosure Movement
• fences around lands
= claiming territories
• poor farmers loose their lands
bcs they sell it to rich tenants (=pachters)
• common lands (used by everyone)
➔ private property of rich farmers
, Results:
Village 20 farmers -> 2 or 3 farmers with big lands
-flee to the cities -more efficient
=plattelandsvlucht
effect scales farmings
less people work in farming industry
2. The First Industrial Revolution sets off in the U.K.
• Before the Industrial Revolution
• Energy: wood, water, wind (windmills) and muscle (use of animals)
• Manual labour at home
• Exception: (manufactors)
- Working togheter in factories with machines
• Main industry: Textile and cloth
• Textile
- Spinning
= making thread (=garen, draad) by twisting fibres with a spinning
weal
- Weaving
= making cloth by crossing threads with a loom (=weefmachine)
• Putting-out system
- Peasant (=plattelands) families
= turn materials like wool, cotton and flax into cloth and linen
- Merchant-entrepreneurs
= Buys and trades these clothes
➔ Benifits merchants (good money, make profit) but wages are low
➔ No Guilds like in the cities - no restrictions
- Safer and cheaper to produce textile (no large-scale production bcs large investments)
1. Agricultural revolution
• For centuries: 90% of the population = farmer
Lack of manure (=mest) -> lot of farmland is uncultivated or fallow (=braak)
• 16th century innovation:
o Three-field system
- Time to recover one soil
- One soil is fallow
o Crop rotation
- New crops like turnips and clover were planted
➔ to feed the cattle (not slauther them)
➔ not deplete the land but were a fertilizer (=meststof) to the soil, enriches the soil
➔ bigger amount of land cultivated
➔ increased production of meat and manure
• Effects
o Increase of crop yields
Bv. England (15th and 16th century)
➔ Less famine (=hongersnood)
➔ Drop child mortality
o Increase of population
o More people available to work in other industries
• Enclosure Movement
• fences around lands
= claiming territories
• poor farmers loose their lands
bcs they sell it to rich tenants (=pachters)
• common lands (used by everyone)
➔ private property of rich farmers
, Results:
Village 20 farmers -> 2 or 3 farmers with big lands
-flee to the cities -more efficient
=plattelandsvlucht
effect scales farmings
less people work in farming industry
2. The First Industrial Revolution sets off in the U.K.
• Before the Industrial Revolution
• Energy: wood, water, wind (windmills) and muscle (use of animals)
• Manual labour at home
• Exception: (manufactors)
- Working togheter in factories with machines
• Main industry: Textile and cloth
• Textile
- Spinning
= making thread (=garen, draad) by twisting fibres with a spinning
weal
- Weaving
= making cloth by crossing threads with a loom (=weefmachine)
• Putting-out system
- Peasant (=plattelands) families
= turn materials like wool, cotton and flax into cloth and linen
- Merchant-entrepreneurs
= Buys and trades these clothes
➔ Benifits merchants (good money, make profit) but wages are low
➔ No Guilds like in the cities - no restrictions
- Safer and cheaper to produce textile (no large-scale production bcs large investments)
