OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses | LATEST UPDATE

T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 1 of 17 Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Which type of cells line the inner surface of blood vessels to prevent microbes from gaining access to blood? A. ciliated epithelial cells B. endothelial cells* C. keratinized squamous epithelial cells D. squamous epithelial cells Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 2. Which of the following is not a type of cell junction? A. centromere* B. desmosome C. gap D. tight Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 3. Which layer of the skin contains blood and lymph vessels? A. dermis B. epidermis C. follicles D. hypodermis* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 4. Which cells produce and secrete mucus? A. ciliated epithelial cells B. goblet cells* C. keratinized squamous epithelial cells D. Peyer’s patches Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 5. Which fungus causes rose gardener’s disease? A. Candida albicans B. Cryptococcus neoformans TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 2 of 17 C. Histoplasma capsulatum D. Sporothrix schenckii* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 6. Which type of cells line the respiratory tract? A. ciliated epithelial cells* B. endothelial cells C. keratinized squamous epithelial cells D. squamous epithelial cells Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 7. What is sebum? A. a watery, salty liquid that inhibits bacterial growth B. an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense* C. proteins that are involved in bacterial cell division D. visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 8. What is pus? A. a watery, salty liquid that inhibits bacterial growth B. an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense C. proteins that are involved in bacterial cell division D. visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 9. Which antimicrobial enzyme is found in saliva? A. amylase B. haptocorrin C. lactoperoxidase* D. opiorphin Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 10. Examine the diagram of peptidoglycan. Which bond (A–D) is targeted by lysozyme? TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 3 of 17 A. A* B. B C. C D. D Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: N/A 11. Which chemical mediator is produced by lactobacilli in the female reproductive system and limits the growth of Candida? A. glucagon B. glycogen C. lactate* D. lactoferrin Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 12. Which bacterium is able to invade sweat glands of the skin and can use lipase to degrade sebum? A. Bacteroides B. Propionibacterium* C. Staphylococcus D. Streptococcus Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 13. Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell? A. cell membrane* B. cell wall C. DNA synthesis D. protein synthesis TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 4 of 17 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 14. Where are acute phase proteins produced? A. bone marrow B. liver* C. pancreas D. spleen Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 15. Which is the best term to describe the process that occurs when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells to trigger a response? A. autocrine B. endocrine C. hormonal D. paracrine* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 16. Which cytokine recruits leukocytes to sites of infections? A. chemokine* B. histamine C. interferons D. interleukins Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 17. Which of the following describes the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells? A. autopoiesis B. biopoiesis C. galactopoiesis D. hematopoiesis* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 18. Which of the following leukocytes is an agranulocyte? A. basophil B. eosinophil C. monocyte* D. neutrophil TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 5 of 17 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 19. Which of the following leukocytes is used for protection against protozoa and helminths? A. basophil B. eosinophil* C. monocyte D. neutrophil Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 20. Which of the following leukocytes initiates inflammation? A. eosinophil B. mast cell* C. monocyte D. neutrophil Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 21. Mast cells and basophils release which chemical moderator? A. defensins B. histamine* C. interferon D. leukocidin Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 22. Where are Kupffer cells found? A. brain B. liver* C. lung D. peritoneal cavity Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 14 23. Toll-like receptors are examples of which of the following? A. NAMs B. NKCs C. PAMPs D. PRRs* Difficulty: Easy TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 6 of 17 ASM Standard: 14 24. Which of the following is not recognized by toll-like receptors? A. bacterial DNA B. exotoxins* C. flagellin D. peptidoglycan Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 25. Which of the following is the initial compartment a pathogen enters after being engulfed by a macrophage? A. inclusion B. lysosome C. phagolysosome D. phagosome* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 26. Which of the following lists in the correct order the events of acute inflammation after tissue injury? A. altered function, edema, pain, heat, erythema B. erythema, edema, heat, pain, altered function* C. heat, pain, edema, erythema, altered function D. heat, pain, erythema, altered function, edema, Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 27. Which statement is true? A. Chronic inflammation is caused only by pathogens. B. Granulomas are examples of chronic inflammation.* C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not cause granulomas. D. Inflammation occurs only if a viral pathogen is present. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 28. Which part of the brain controls body temperature? A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus* D. thalamus TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 7 of 17 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 29. Which of the following is not a common component of neutrophil extracellular traps? A. actin filaments* B. chromatin C. gelatinase D. lactoferrin Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 14 30. Which of the following statements about LPS is false? A. Only gram-negative bacteria have LPS. B. LPS can stimulate fever in the host. C. LPS is an endogenous pyrogen.* D. The lipid A component of LPS is the toxic component. Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 8, 14, 23 True/False 31. In healthy individuals, the upper respiratory tract and lungs are sterile. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 32. Propionibacterium acnes can use sebum as a food source. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 33. The normal pH of urine is 7.0. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 34. All cytokines are chemokines. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 8 of 17 35. Serum is the liquid portion of blood without clotting factors. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 36. Diapedesis occurs in arteries. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 37. Immediately after injury, during acute inflammation, vasodilation occurs to deliver leukocytes to the site. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: N/A 38. Phagocytic cells can clear granulomas caused by pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 39. Angioedema is a disease that affects the complement system. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 40. In the crisis phase, fever is reduced by the hypothalamus stimulating vasoconstriction. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 Matching 41. Determine whether each feature listed below in A–E is a physical, chemical, or cellular aspect of the innate immune system. An answer may be used more than once. A. lymphocyte i. physical B. lysozyme ii. chemical C. eyelashes iii. cellular TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 9 of 17 D. chemokines E. flushing of urinary tract Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. i., D. ii., E. i. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 42. Match the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) to the body location where it is produced. A. bacteriocin i. skin B. cathelicidin ii. throughout the body C. defensins iii. gastrointestinal D. histatins iv. mouth Answers: A. iii., B. i., C. ii., D. iv. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 43. Match the mediator to its function. A. bradykinin i. causes edema B. chemokine ii. directs leukocytes to a particular location C. histamine iii. induces coughing, vomit, and/or diarrhea D. interferon iv. inhibits transcription and translation E. leukotriene v. bronchoconstriction Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. v., D. iv., E. iii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 44. Examine the picture below. Match the leukocyte to its name. A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil Answers: A. i., B. ii., C. v., D. iv., E. iii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 Fill in the Blank 45. The ________ is the mechanism used to keep the lower portion of the respiratory tract sterile. Answer: mucociliary escalator TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 10 of 17 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 46. The ________ of urine inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens in the urinary tract. Answer: acidity (or lower pH) Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 47. ________ is the term for the muscular contractions of the digestive tract. Answer: Peristalsis Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 48. ________ is an acute-phase protein involved in the formation of blood clots that trap pathogens. Answer: Fibrinogen Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 1 49. ________ is when the pathogen is coated to allow it to be phagocytosed by a macrophage. Answer: Opsonization Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 50. ________ are proteins that remain after phagocytosis of a pathogen and are presented on the surface of phagocytic cells to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Answer: Antigens Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 51. ________ is the migration of leukocytes from blood vessels to tissues where pathogens are located. Answer: Diapedesis Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 52. ________ are walled-off pockets of infected tissue surrounded by leukocytes in the lung tissue. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 11 of 17 Answer: Granulomas/tubercles Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 53. A(n) ________ pyrogen is a molecule from a pathogen that triggers fever. Answer: exogenous Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 54. ________ is a disease characterized by chronic edema due to blockage of the lymphatic system. Answer: Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis) Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 14, 23 Short Answer 55. Explain how skin acts as both a barrier and a portal of entry for pathogens. Sample Answer: Keratin makes the surface of the skin tough and resistant to bacterial enzymes. Skin dryness and acidity help prevent the growth of many microorganisms. Skin cells are constantly replaced, providing new barriers. Skin is a portal of entry in that pathogens can gain entry to the host through any break in the skin and spread from there into deeper tissues. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 56. How does the microbiome act as a physical and chemical barrier of the innate immune system? Sample Answer: The microbiome acts as a physical barrier in competing with potential pathogens for colonization sites and nutrients within the host. The microbiome acts as a chemical barrier in that it can produce antimicrobial peptides (e.g., bacteriocins) against potential pathogens. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 12, 14, 23 57. Name the chemical mediators of the digestive system that eliminate pathogens in the locations listed below. saliva mucus secreted by esophagus stomach pancreas TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 12 of 17 liver intestines Sample Answer: saliva lactoperoxidase mucus secreted by esophagus lysozyme stomach gastric acid pancreas pancreatic enzymes liver bile intestines cryptins Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 58. What is lactoferrin and what is its mode of action? Sample Answer: Lactoferrin is a chemical mediator of the innate immune system. It inhibits the growth of microbes by sequestering iron, which is needed for growth. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 59. How do interferons function? Sample Answer: Generally, interferons are produced and released by cells infected with viruses. Interferons cause nearby cells to reduce transcription and translation to inhibit further viral replication. Interferons can also stimulate various immune cells involved in viral clearance to attack virus-infected cells. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 60. What does it mean to say that the function of a chemical, such as a cytokine, is autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine? Sample Answer: When the same cell secretes and receives the cytokine signal, it is an autocrine signal. When the cytokine signal has an effect on a nearby cell, it is a paracrine signal. When the cytokine is secreted into the circulatory system and travels throughout the body to have an effect on many tissues that may be far from the cell producing the cytokine, then it is an endocrine signal. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 61. How is plasma different from serum and how is it collected? Sample Answer: Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and its clotting factors, whereas serum is the liquid portion of blood with clotting factors removed. To collect plasma, an anticoagulant (e.g., EDTA) is added to the blood. The blood is then placed in a centrifuge to TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 13 of 17 spin down the cells. The liquid portion that remains at the top of the tube (the supernatant) will be the plasma. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 62. How is the membrane attack complex (MAC) formed? Sample Answer: The MAC forms from complement proteins C6, C7, C8, and C9 on gramnegative bacteria as a result of the complement cascade. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 63. Categorize each leukocyte in the list below into the appropriate categories in the table. Note that choices can be placed in more than one category. • Basophil • Eosinophil • Mast cell • Monocyte • Neutrophil Phagocytic Nonphagocytic Granulocyte Agranulocyte Produces Histamine Sample Answer: Phagocytic Nonphagocytic Granulocyte Agranulocyte Produces Histamine Eosinophil Monocytes Neutrophils Basophils Mast cell Basophils Eosinophils Mast cell Neutrophils Monocytes Basophil Mast cell Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 14 64. (a) Is a natural killer (NK) cell a granulocyte or agranulocyte? (b) How do NK cells recognize cells for destruction? Sample Answer: (a) NK cells are agranulocytes. (b) NK cells recognize normal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers on the surface of healthy cells, and these MHC markers serve as an inhibitory signal preventing NK cell activation. When MHC markers are diminished or absent, the NK cell interprets this as an abnormality and then kills the cell. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 14 of 17 Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 65. What are the similarities and differences between macrophages and dendritic cells? Sample Answer: They are both monocytes, phagocytic, and can persist in tissue for a long time. Macrophages in specific body tissues develop characteristics suited to the particular tissue. Dendritic cells reside in the skin and mucous membranes. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 66. Give four examples of a PAMP. Sample Answer: Answers can vary and can include: peptidoglycan, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or nucleic acids such as viral DNA or RNA. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23 67. How does the phagolysosome kill pathogens? Sample Answer: A decrease in pH occurs, triggering the formation of reactive oxygen species that are lethal to pathogens. Reactive nitrogen compounds with cytotoxic potential can also form. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 68. What causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)? Sample Answer: Nematodes in lymphatic vessels cause a buildup of leukocytes in the system, leading to edema. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 69. Explain two benefits fever provides the body during an infection. Sample Answer: Fever raises the body temperature above the optimal growth condition for pathogens (35–37 °C). Fever can also stimulate iron-sequestering compounds from the liver, thus preventing pathogens that require iron for growth. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATING Failing Below Average Competent Advanced TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 15 of 17 Criteria for evaluation Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE 0 1 2 3 Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points. 70. You work in a health-care facility and have been asked to verify whether other workers are washing their hands properly. You set up an experiment in which you ask the workers to wash their hands with soap containing triclosan for 2 minutes total. You swab their hands every 30 seconds as they wash, transferring the swab to nutrient agar plates. The next day, you measure the CFUs from each plate. The data are shown below: Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3 0 seconds 40 39 37 30 seconds 45 60 37 60 seconds 60 8 20 90 seconds 10 1 9 120 seconds 0 0 2 (a) Prepare a graph of the average CFU over time. (b) Which layer of skin did you swab? (c) How does triclosan act as an antimicrobial agent? (d) Assuming that the workers properly washed their hands and that you properly conducted this work using aseptic technique, explain the results of this experiment. Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. (a) TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 16 of 17 (b) The layer of skin that was swabbed was the epidermis. (c) Triclosan is a phenolic compound added to antimicrobial soaps. Triclosan blocks an enzyme in the bacterial fatty acid-biosynthesis pathway. (d) Bacteria are embedded in the outermost layers of skin. As handwashing occurs, we remove layers of skin, thus exposing the new layers of skin and the bacteria on them. This may explain why we see an initial increase in the number of bacteria, before it decreases. Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 7, 14, 23, 28b, 29a 71. Answer the following questions: (a) What is colitis? (b) Name a bacterial pathogen that causes colitis. (c) Describe the bacterial pathogen (cell shape, cell envelope, oxygen requirements) that causes colitis. (d) How can colitis be treated using the microbiome? Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. (a) Colitis is an inflammation of the colon or large intestine due to the overgrowth of nonresident bacteria. (b) One bacterium that can cause colitis is Clostridium difficile. (c) It is a rod-shaped, gramnegative, obligate anaerobe. (d) Fecal transplants can be used to re-introduce the normal microbiota back into the colon. Fecal samples are collected and the microbiota bacteria that are shed in feces are isolated and then implanted directly into the colon. The introduced microbiota can then recolonize the intestine and compete against C. difficile. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 72. Answer the following questions about the classic complement cascade: (a) What aspect of the cascade is innate? (b) What aspect of the cascade is adaptive? TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 17: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses Page 17 of 17 (c) How is the cascade started? (d) What happens to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at the end of the cascade? Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. (a) The classic complement cascade itself is considered innate in that it is not specific to any particular pathogen. It is able to target any pathogen. (b) The classic pathway is initiated by an antibody binding to the pathogen. Because antibodies are specific for antigens/pathogens, they are produced by the adaptive immune system. (c) The cascade begins by the antibody binding to the pathogen. This activates C1. C1 then activates C2 and C4. C2 and C4 then activate C3. The hydrolysis of C3 produces C3a and C3b. C3b attaches to the surface of the pathogen and recruits other complement proteins in a cascade (C5 through C9). (d) After the cascade has initiated, gram-positive bacteria will be opsonized and then phagocytosed by macrophages. Gram-negative bacteria will be lysed due to the cascade’s formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC). Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 73. Describe what the innate immune system does after someone stabs their finger with a thorn contaminated with a bacterial pathogen. Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. After a break in the skin, vasoconstriction occurs. Mast cells release histamine. Histamine increases blood flow to the wound site. Increased vascular permeability allows fluid, complement proteins, and leukocytes to enter the infected tissue. The leukocytes will squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary vessels in a process known as diapedesis. The leukocytes will then follow the chemokines and complement proteins to the wound site. Once there, leukocytes will release chemicals or will perform phagocytosis to kill the bacterial pathogen. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 This file is copyright 2017, Rice University. All rights reserved. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER