OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections | 2022 LATEST UPDATE

T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 1 of 19 Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Which passageway connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear? A. eustachian tube* B. nasal cavity C. oropharynx D. sinus cavity Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 2. Which described the palatine tonsils? A. connective and muscular tissue within the nasopharynx B. connective and muscular tissue within the oropharynx C. lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx D. lymphoid tissue within the oropharynx* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 3. Within the respiratory tract, where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged? A. alveoli* B. bronchi C. bronchioles D. trachea Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 4. Rhinitis is an inflammation of which component of the respiratory system? A. nasal passages* B. oropharynx C. sinuses D. tonsils Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 5. Symptoms of the common cold do not include which one of the following? A. coughing B. headache C. high fever* TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 2 of 19 D. runny nose Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 6. Antigenic shift caused a severe influenza pandemic, the “Spanish flu,” during which years? A. 1908–1909 B. 1918–1919* C. 1955–1956 D. 2006–2007 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 7. Which is the most effective way to reduce the risk of influenza transmission? A. amantadine B. annual vaccination* C. oseltamivir D. tetracycline Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 8. FluMist is which of the following? A. inactivated flu treatment B. inactivated flu vaccine C. live attenuated flu treatment D. live attenuated flu vaccine* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 9. Which of the following groups of viruses is not known to be a frequent cause of the common cold? A. adenoviruses B. coronaviruses C. parainfluenza viruses* D. rhinoviruses Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 10. The mucociliary escalator effect helps to do which of the following? A. localize microbes in specific parts of the respiratory tract, enhancing the immune response against them and reducing the risk that they will be exhaled B. move air through the respiratory tract TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 3 of 19 C. move pathogens deeper into the respiratory tract, where macrophages can engulf them D. remove pathogens from the respiratory tract, eliminating microbes from the lower respiratory tract, and inhibiting pathogen attachment* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 11. Which of the following is not part of the immune defense of the upper respiratory system? A. alveolar macrophages* B. defensins C. lysozyme D. secreted IgA antibodies in mucus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 12. When the alveoli become fluid filled in pneumonia, the affected areas are called which of the following? A. a pneumonitis B. a pneumothorax C. consolidations* D. inflammations Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 13. Which microbe causes streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)? A. S. aureus B. S. epidermidis C. S. pyogenes* D. S. typhimurium Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 14. Streptokinase is a protein that is responsible for which of the following? A. dissolving blood clots* B. forming blood clots C. forming erythrogenic toxin D. inhibiting the spread of streptococcal bacteria Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 15. Which of the following is an example of one of the sequelae of strep throat? A. acute glomerulonephritis* TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 4 of 19 B. high fever C. red tonsils D. scarlet fever Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 16. Based on the carbohydrate antigens in its cell wall, Streptococcus pyogenes is classified within which Lancefield group? A. A (the group A strep)* B. B (the group B strep) C. C (the group C strep) D. D (the group D strep) Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 7, 8, 23 17. Otitis media with effusion is distinguished from other forms of otitis media by the presence of which of the following? A. a high fever B. an inflamed tympanic membrane C. fluid within the middle ear* D. pharyngeal abscesses Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 18. Against which lower respiratory infection does vaccination with PCV13 protect? A. diphtheria B. mycoplasma pneumonia C. pneumococcal pneumonia* D. tuberculosis Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 19. Common cold viruses can often be differentiated from influenza by which of the following? A. absence of a high fever* B. absence of aches and pains C. absence of lower respiratory symptoms D. occurrence of headaches Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 5 of 19 20. Which of the following groups of viruses is not known to be a frequent cause of the common cold? A. adenoviruses B. coronaviruses C. parainfluenza viruses* D. rhinoviruses Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 21. Which of the following is not a fungus? A. Blastomyces dermatitidis B. Mucor spp. C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae* D. Rhizopus arrhizus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 22. Which virus is teratogenic, meaning that pregnant women must be especially cautious in avoiding this virus? A. measles B. mumps C. rubella* D. varicella Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 23. Measles causes primarily which of the following? A. a skin rash and associated symptoms* B. muscle paralysis and weakness C. swelling of the parotid glands, giving a swollen appearance D. teratogenic effects Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 24. Which is an important sign used to diagnose measles? A. a butterfly rash B. a scratchy, inflamed throat C. Koplik’s spots* D. pus-filled lesions in the pharynx Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 6 of 19 25. Which of the following describes how rubella is transmitted? A. primarily through aerosols produced by infected individuals* B. primarily through contact with fomites touched by infected individuals C. only through contaminated body fluids, such as blood D. only through direct contact with infected individuals Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 26. German measles is another name for which disease? A. mumps B. rubella* C. rubeola D. shingles Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 27. Which virus becomes dormant in dorsal ganglia after infection? A. the common cold virus B. the influenza virus C. the rubella virus D. the varicella-zoster virus* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 28. Influenza transmission between adults is most effectively prevented by which of the following? A. a complete influenza vaccination series in childhood B. annual vaccination of adults* C. use of prophylactic antiviral medications D. use of prophylactic supportive treatment Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 29. Why is Cryptococcus neoformans especially capable of avoiding destruction by the immune system? A. Their cells have a protective capsule.* B. Their cells have an unusual cell membrane structure that resists attack. C. Their cells thrive within alveolar macrophages. D. They produce chemicals that neutralize antibodies. Difficulty: Moderate TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 7 of 19 ASM Standard: 7, 8, 23 30. Which of the following is true about the risk of measles transmission? A. As health-care providers see fewer cases of measles, they are more likely to misdiagnose infected individuals, increasing the risk of transmission.* B. Lower vaccination rates decrease herd immunity and make transmission to susceptible individuals less likely. C. Measles is not highly contagious, so transmission requires extended contact with an infected individual. D. Travel patterns have not increased the risk of measles transmission around the world over the last century. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 31. Which is not a benefit of using acyclovir treatment for shingles? A. It is used to reduce the duration of the symptoms of shingles. B. It is used to reduce the risk of developing shingles after a chicken pox infection.* C. It is used to reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia, a painful condition that can develop after shingles. D. It is used to reduce the severity of shingles symptoms. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 32. Which of the following is true about histoplasmosis? A. Histoplasmosis is transmitted directly from one infected person to another person. B. Histoplasmosis normally produces severe symptoms. C. Histoplasmosis results in the development of Ghon complexes. D. Histoplasmosis spores reproduce within alveolar macrophages.* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 33. Which of the following patients would require the most aggressive treatment for coccidiomycosis? A. an individual known to have been exposed to spores but who had not yet developed symptoms B. an individual who had previously had coccidiomycosis C. an individual who had previously received a liver transplant and who had a disseminated infection* D. a teenager with symptoms but no evidence of disseminated infection Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 8 of 19 34. Which of the following microbes requires the greatest precautions when cultured in the laboratory? A. Blastomyces dermatitidis B. Coccidiodes immitis* C. Histoplasma capsulatum D. Rhizopus arrhizus Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 36 35. An individual with HIV develops a fungal infection and has shortness of breath, fever, and cough. Which microbe is the most likely causative agent? A. Aspergillus fumigatus B. Blastomyces dermatitidis C. Coccidiodes immitis D. Pneumocystis jirovecii* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 36. Which medication would be the best choice for treating a patient unfortunate enough to have both aspergillosis and histoplasmosis? A. amphotericin B B. fluconazole C. itraconazole* D. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 37. Which of the following diseases is a zoonosis? A. histoplasmosis B. Q fever* C. rubella D. tuberculosis Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 38. What would be the most effective method of reducing the risk of Legionnaire’s disease transmission? A. avoiding contact with any infected individuals B. avoiding the inhalation of soil and dust with possible spores C. cleaning and maintaining air conditioning systems well* D. using careful food preparation techniques TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 9 of 19 Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 39. Which of the following is true for individuals with an egg allergy? A. They can receive a bivalent influenza vaccination. B. They can receive a trivalent influenza vaccination.* C. They can receive a vaccination against influenza A strains only. D. They cannot receive an influenza vaccination. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 40. The influenza vaccine is designed to contain which of the following: A. one influenza A strain and one influenza B strain, based on a review of the most dominant influenza strains in October B. two influenza A strains and one to two influenza B strains, based on a review of the most dominant influenza strains in February and September* C. two influenza A strains and two influenza B strains, based on a review of the most dominant influenza strains in February D. two influenza A strains and four influenza B strains, based on a review of the most dominant influenza strains in March and October Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 True/False 41. Microbes are abundant in the lower respiratory tract. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 20, 23 42. In the elderly, pneumonia is a significant cause of mortality. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 43. Although it is a potential pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is commonly carried in the nostrils of asymptomatic individuals. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20, 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 10 of 19 44. The second leading cause of pediatrician visits by young children (under age 5 years) in the United States is acute otitis media. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 45. The common cold is actually caused by more than 200 different viruses. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 46. Respiratory syncytial virus can be life-threatening in infants. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 47. Rickettsial infections are safe to culture in the laboratory, so these approaches are preferred to molecular techniques for diagnosis. Answer: False Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 34, 36 48. Acute otitis media is less common in individuals who have been vaccinated against influenza, because it can be caused by the same microbes. Answer: False Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 Matching 49. Match each illness with the most appropriate definition. A. Epiglottitis i. inflammation of the ear B. Laryngitis ii. inflammation of the nasal cavities C. Otitis iii. inflammation of the sinuses D. Rhinitis iv. inflammation of the larynx E. Sinusitis v. inflammation of the epiglottis Answers: A. v., B. iv., C. i., D. ii., E. iii. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 50. Match each illness with its common causative agent. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 11 of 19 A. K. pneumoniae and others i. health-care–associated pneumonias by opportunistic pathogens B. M. pneumoniae ii. atypical (walking) pneumonia C. P. aeruginosa and others iii. acute otitis media D. S. pneumoniae and others iv. streptococcal sore throat E. S. pyogenes v. bacterial pneumonia associated with cystic fibrosis Answers: A. iv., B. i., C. v., D. ii., E. iii. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 51. Match each type of illness with the appropriate vaccine for its prevention. A. Chicken pox i. BCG B. Diphtheria ii. DtaP, TdaP, DT, Td, or DTP C. Epiglottitis iii. Hib D. Rubella iv. varicella E. Tuberculosis v. MMR vaccine Answers: A. iv, B. ii, C. iii, D. v, E. i Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14 52. Match each illness with the most appropriate treatment. A. Diphtheria i. broad-spectrum antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, sometimes with antitoxin B. Mycoplasma pneumonia ii. β-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones; susceptibility testing may be needed because of frequent antibiotic resistance. C. Pneumococcal pneumonia iii. doxycycline, hydroxychloroquine D. Q fever iv. macrolide antibiotics, if not self-limiting Answers: A. i, B. iv, C. ii, D. iii Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 53. Match each bacterial disease with its distinguishing characteristics. A. Acute otitis media i. very common in young children; may occur with or without fluid buildup B. Diphtheria ii. can be associated with serious sequelae, such as acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever C. Pertussis iii. associated with the production of an exotoxin that causes the formation of a pseudomembrane that impairs breathing D. Streptococcal pharyngitis iv. causes severe coughing that can last for months; especially dangerous for infants; can be effectively prevented through vaccination E. Tuberculosis v. associated with severe cough and small, round lesions TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 12 of 19 in the lungs; antibiotic resistance is a serious problem Answers: A. i, B. iii, C. iv, D. ii, E. v Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 54. Match each fungal disease with its distinguishing characteristics. A. Aspergillosis i. causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath; pneumonia and pulmonary or cerebral hemorrhages may occur B. Blastomycosis ii. causes lesions to develop on the face that may spread and cause meningitis; also known as Valley fever C. Coccidiomycosis iii. rare in healthy individuals; may cause upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, including headache, fever, congestion, cough, shortness of breath, black oral lesions D. Histoplasmosis iv. causes aches, fever, chills, cough, and chest pain in immunocompromised individuals; causes crusted lesions that may lead to scarring when disseminated E. Murmycosis v. may cause lung lesions resembling Ghon complexes, weakness, and chest pain Answers: A. i, B. iv, C. ii, D. v, E. iii Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 55. Match each type of pneumonia with its distinguishing characteristics. A. Chlamydial pneumonia i. intracellular pathogens; three causative species, with one type causing psittacosis B. Haemophilus pneumonia ii. caused by unencapsulated strains; treatment is complicated by antibiotic resistance; most commonly causes disease in the elderly, but commonly found in asymptomatic children C. Mycoplasma pneumonia iii. especially problematic in those with cystic fibrosis or exposed to contaminated ventilators in hospitals D. Pseudomonas pneumonia iv. spread in crowded environments; usually relatively mild; called “walking pneumonia” Answers: A. i, B. ii, C. iv, D. iii Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 Fill in the Blank 56. MALT stands for ________. Answer: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Difficulty: Easy TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 13 of 19 ASM Standard: N/A 57. In DTaP, the “P” stands for ________. Answer: pertussis (or B. pertussis components) Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14 58. The round lesions that form in the alveoli of patients with tuberculosis are called ________. Answer: tubercles Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 59. The microbe that causes whooping cough is ________. Answer: Bordetella pertussis Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 60. Most bacterial pneumonia is caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and ________ pneumoniae. Answer: Streptococcus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 61. Walking pneumonia is formally called ________ pneumonia. Answer: Mycoplasma Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 62. ________ is a rare respiratory infection caused by a strain of Chlamydia that is sometimes transmitted to humans from domestic birds. Answer: Psittacosis Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 63. A type of pneumonia that is a particular problem for individuals with cystic fibrosis is ________ pneumonia. Answer: Pseudomonas Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 14 of 19 64. Ghon complexes are associated with the disease called ________. Answer: tuberculosis Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 65. Serious pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis is often caused by ________. Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 66. Bordetella pertussis specimens must be cultured rapidly because viability decreases after ________ hours. Answer: 24 Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 34 67. In DTaP, the “a” stands for ________. Answer: acellular Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14 Short Answer 68. Why are patients with cystic fibrosis at particular risk of respiratory infections? Sample Answer: Cystic fibrosis causes excess mucus to buildup and makes it more difficult for these patients to expel pathogens. The normal immune defenses of the respiratory tract, including the mucociliary escalator, are impaired. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 69. Compare the diversity and amount of microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Sample Answer: The microbiota of the upper respiratory tract is diverse and numerous. In contrast, the healthy lower respiratory tract eliminates microbes and does not normally have a microbiota. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 70. Describe the pathway traveled by an inhaled microbe that reaches an alveolus. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 15 of 19 Sample Answer: The microbe travels through the nasal cavity, then the nasopharynx, and passes through the larynx to the trachea. It then passes through the left or right bronchus, into a bronchiole, and then into an alveolus. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 71. What is the mucociliary escalator effect? Sample Answer: The cells lining the respiratory tract produce mucus. Ciliated cells move this mucus and any entrapped pathogens upward, out of the respiratory tract. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 72. What are some examples of virulence factors used by opportunistic pathogens from the normal respiratory tract microbiota? Sample Answer: Two examples of virulence factors include capsules and adhesins. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 73. Why are β-lactam antibiotics ineffective against M. pneumoniae? Sample Answer: β-lactam antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall. Because M. pneumoniae lacks a cell wall, these antibiotics are not effective against it. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 74. What would be a good reason for using Sabouraud’s agar for a culture? Sample Answer: Sabouraud’s agar is a culture medium that is selective for fungi. You could use it to culture a species such as Histoplasma capsulatum. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23, 33 75. What could cause someone to develop reactivation tuberculosis? Sample Answer: After someone recovers from tuberculosis, bacteria remain within the Ghon complexes in the lungs. These can later cause disease if an individual becomes immunocompromised. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 76. How does pertussis cause a buildup of mucus in the lungs? Sample Answer: A toxin produced by B. pertussis damages the ciliated cells that normally move mucus as part of the mucociliary escalator. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 16 of 19 Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 77. Why is understanding amoeba important in understanding Legionnaire’s disease? Sample Answer: Legionnaire’s disease is caused by a bacterium that lives within amoeba, so understanding amoebic life cycles and requirements is important in controlling the disease. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 78. Why might a health-care professional choose itraconazole rather than amphotericin B or ketoconazole to treat disseminated histoplasmosis? Sample Answer: Itraconazole is generally used when a patient is immunocompromised. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 79. People frequently encounter the fungi that can cause histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, and other fungal illnesses. Why do most people who encounter these fungi either not develop symptoms or develop only mild symptoms? Sample Answer: Most people have sufficiently strong immune systems to prevent these fungi from establishing a serious infection. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 80. Why is antigenic shift associated with influenza pandemics? Sample Answer: Antigenic shift can cause sufficient change in the antigens of the influenza virus. The immune systems of people who have previously been exposed to other influenza viruses do not recognize the changed influenza virus antigens. This increases the risk of infection to an individual and facilitates the spread of the virus. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 81. What are the causative agents most commonly responsible for viral pneumonia? Sample Answer: Common causative agents of viral pneumonia include adenoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 82. Why are normally benign species such as S. aureus and K. pneumoniae problematic in a hospital setting? TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 17 of 19 Sample Answer: These species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections, such as health-care–associated pneumonia, in a hospital setting. They are a greater risk in hospitals because patients may be immunocompromised. Patients may also have had invasive treatments or implanted devices through which microbes may be easily transmitted or moved from one bodily location to another. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 83. How is pertussis diagnosed within 2 weeks of infection? How does the method of diagnosis change if diagnosis is needed 2 to 4 weeks into the infection, compared with after a month? Sample Answer: During early infection, within about 2 weeks, culturing is effective for diagnosis. PCR can be used within the first month, then ELISA is used for diagnosis. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 34, 36 84. Once pathogens start to establish a respiratory infection, how do they make it easier for microbes (either of the same or other species) to establish and spread? Sample Answer: Because an infection can damage the mucociliary escalator, it can reduce the ability of the respiratory tract to trap and expel pathogens. This makes it easier for the infection to worsen and for other microbes to become established. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATING Failing Below Average Competent Advanced Criteria for evaluation Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE 0 1 2 3 Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 18 of 19 85. There was a devastating influenza pandemic in 1918–1919. What factors leading up to this pandemic contributed to its severity? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. It is possible that antigenic shift occurred, producing a new H1N1 strain with components of avian and human viruses. Additionally, wartime conditions contributed to the spread of the virus. These conditions included crowding, insufficient sanitation, and the large-scale movement of people for purposes associated with World War I. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23, 31 86. For many respiratory illnesses discussed in the chapter, antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern. Give some specific examples from the chapter and discuss how this problem can be addressed. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include at least one example and ways to address the problem. Diseases that are particularly relevant include tuberculosis, Haemophilus pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Students may choose to discuss appropriate use of antibiotics (including prescribing only when necessary, encouraging patients to take the full dose, using susceptibility testing, and following the most recent guidelines) and/or the use of vaccination to reduce antibiotic use. Students may also choose to discuss initiatives to encourage health-care professionals to prescribe antibiotics when appropriate (i.e., not for viral infections) and recommendations suggesting when it may be appropriate to wait before prescribing. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23, 31 87. Consider the pros and cons of maintaining samples of dangerous diseases such as smallpox after they have been eradicated from humans. What are the arguments for and against maintaining these samples? What do you personally think is the best course of action? Justify your answer with evidence from this chapter. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include a discussion of issues raised in the Eye on Ethics “Smallpox Stockpiles” feature box in this chapter ( Advantages include having the samples available for study and to use in developing vaccines or treatments if the virus re-emerges. Disadvantages include concerns about accidental releases of the pathogens or their intentional use as biological weapons. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 31 88. Concerns about vaccination have led to drops in vaccination rates despite a lack of evidence to back up these concerns. Discuss the implications of falling vaccination rates for respiratory illnesses and your thoughts on how this problem may be addressed. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. When vaccination rates drop too low, herd immunity is less effective and susceptible individuals (such as TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 22: Respiratory System Infections Page 19 of 19 immunocompromised individuals or those who cannot be vaccinated) are at greater risk for infection. Illnesses that are spread through the respiratory route can be very contagious and easily spread in public places such as schools and libraries. Additionally, health-care providers may be less likely to suspect these illnesses in their patients and, thus, may misdiagnose them. Students may discuss different approaches to better identify these illnesses in patients as well as encourage appropriate vaccination out of concern for their patients. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23, 31 89. Why is the influenza vaccine each year based on a review of dominant influenza strains in February and October, not just at the start of influenza season? What is the length of time between the peak of influenza season and the decision about strains to include and why? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. The prevalence and incidence of influenza increase in winter so it is important to prepare a virus before this increase. The vaccine is planned in February in the northern hemisphere and in October in the southern hemisphere. The vaccine must be planned well in advance of the start of influenza season during winter because it takes time to produce and distribute the vaccine. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23, 31 This file is copyright 2017, Rice University. All rights reserved. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER