OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections | 2022 LATEST UPDATE

T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 1 of 16 Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart? A. the left atrium* B. the left ventricle C. the right atrium D. the right ventricle Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 2. Which artery carries deoxygenated blood? A. aorta B. femoral C. pulmonary* D. subclavian Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 3. Which of the following is an infection of the inner lining of the heart? A. endocarditis* B. myocarditis C. pericarditis D. vasculitis Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 4. Which pathogen causes toxic shock syndrome? A. Enterococcus faecalis B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa C. Staphylococcus aureus* D. Vibrio cholerae Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 5. Which pathogen causes gas gangrene? A. Bacillus spp. B. Clostridium spp.* C. Staphylococcus spp. D. Streptococcus spp. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 2 of 16 Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 6. What is another name for tularemia? A. brucellosis B. rabbit fever* C. toxic shock syndrome D. Valley fever Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 7. The gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis causes which disease(s)? A. bubonic plague only B. bubonic and septicemic plague only C. pneumonic and septicemic plague only D. bubonic, pneumonia, and septicemic plague* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 8. Which of the following infections is transmitted by ticks? A. brucellosis B. ehrlichiosis* C. plague D. rat bite fever Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 9. Which organ of the human body removes damaged red blood cells? A. heart B. kidneys C. liver* D. pancreas Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 10. Which of the following is true of lymphatic fluid? A. It contains erythrocytes. B. It is sterile. C. It travels at slower speeds than blood.* D. Its fluid composition is very different from plasma. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 3 of 16 Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 11. Which of the following is a type of primary lymphoid tissue? A. bone marrow* B. diffuse lymphoid tissue C. lymph nodes D. the spleen Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 12. What is a dangerous drop in blood pressure associated with infection called? A. bacteremia B. hypotensive shock C. sepsis D. septic shock* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 13. Which of the following is true of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome? A. Most infected individuals have negative serological tests even if infected. B. Most infected individuals have negative skin and blood cultures.* C. Most infected individuals test negative, so clinical symptoms are used for diagnosis. D. Most infected individuals test positive in both serological tests and cultures. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 14. Instead of basing diagnosis solely on clinical symptoms and patient history, what common approach is used to confirm a tularemia infection? A. culturing techniques B. direct fluorescent antibody microscopic examination* C. light microscopy and Gram staining. D. phase-contrast microscopy Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 6, 23 15. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to receive antibiotics for cat scratch disease? A. an individual likely to be repeatedly exposed to infected cats B. an individual undergoing cancer treatment simultaneously* C. an individual who exhibits a fever D. an individual who develops pus nodules at the site of the scratch TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 4 of 16 Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 16. What are buboes? A. abscesses within blood vessels B. abscesses within lungs C. infected swellings involving follicles D. inflamed, swollen lymph nodes* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 17. Which of the following describes undulant fever? A. It is associated with seizures. B. It is associated with an especially high temperature. C. It is chronic. D. It is variable; it comes and goes.* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 18. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most common in which region of the United States? A. the Midwestern United States, including Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin B. the northeastern United States, including New York and Connecticut C. the southeastern United States, including Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, and North Carolina* D. the western United States, including the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 19. Which of the following best describes Borrelia burgdorferi? A. a bacillus that causes plague B. a coccus that causes cat scratch disease C. a spirillum that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever D. a spirochete that causes Lyme disease* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 20. How should a tick be removed? A. It should be covered with petroleum jelly until it releases its hold and can be easily removed. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 5 of 16 B. It should be grasped gently with blunt tweezers on the head, near its site of attachment, and pulled very carefully until it releases its grip.* C. It should be grasped gently with tweezers on the tick’s abdomen, then twisted until it comes off. D. It should be touched with a hot match until it releases its grip, then gently removed, taking care to extract all parts. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 21. A radiograph is used to diagnose which condition? A. anaplasmosis B. infectious arthritis C. Lyme disease D. osteomyelitis* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 22. Which of the following conditions is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus? A. erhlichiosis B. infectious mononucleosis* C. Rocky Mountain spotted fever D. yellow fever Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 23. What is the standard protocol for HIV diagnosis? A. ELISA testing, repeated after 6 months for confirmation and followed by NATs B. serological testing followed by Western blot or PCR testing for confirmation or NATs* C. serological testing only, with no additional testing needed D. viral culturing followed by appropriate serological testing for confirmation Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 24. Malaria is an important cause of mortality worldwide, making it a significant public health concern. What is the classic presentation of malaria? A. abrupt development of a dangerously high fever B. abrupt development of malaise with cycles of chills and high fever, among other symptoms* C. slowly escalating headache, nausea, and vomiting, without fever and with variable other symptoms D. slowly escalating temperature that reaches dangerously high levels after several days to a week TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 6 of 16 Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 25. Which type of pathogen causes babesiosis? A. a bacterium B. a fungus C. a protist* D. a virus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 26. What is the best approach to treating toxic shock syndrome, a potentially deadly condition? A. decontamination and debridement without the use of antibiotics, because of the risk of toxin release by dying bacteria B. decontamination, debridement, vasopressors, and a combination antibiotic therapy such as clindamycin with vancomycin* C. decontamination, debridement, vasoconstrictors, and a combination antibiotic therapy such as clindamycin with daptomycin D. decontamination, vasopressors, and treatment with a single antibiotic Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 27. Bartonella henselae is generally transmitted to humans by what means? A. bites by vectors such as mosquitoes B. cat scratches and bites* C. consumption of undercooked meat D. consumption of contaminated water Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 28. Of the 15 known virulence factors for Yersinia pestis, which of the following indicates how many are factors that facilitate attachment to host cells? A. about one-fourth B. about one-third C. only one or two D. more than half* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 29. Which of the following would a urease-deficient strain of Brucella be unable to do? A. attach to host cells effectively TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 7 of 16 B. penetrate host cells effectively C. spread rapidly through the circulatory system D. survive in the acidic environment of the stomach* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 13, 23 30. Pamela spends a day hiking in the woods then finds a tick on her skin that evening. Could the tick have transmitted Lyme disease? A. Yes, because any contact with an infected tick is sufficient to transmit Lyme disease. B. Yes, because the tick was probably attached for more than 4 hours. C. No, because Lyme disease is not transmitted by ticks. D. No, because the tick was not attached for at least 24 hours.* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 31. Which of the following is not a type of medication used to treat HIV? A. medications that block RNA-dependent DNA polymerases B. medications that block HIV replication enzymes C. medications that denature the virus* D. medications that prevent the virus from entering cells Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 10, 14, 23 32. An individual is suspected of having malaria on the basis of clinical symptoms. Which steps should a medical professional take to confirm and treat a malaria diagnosis? A. microscopic analysis of a blood smear and staining, followed by treatment with azithromycin, doxycycline, or tetracycline. B. microscopic analysis of a blood smear and/or enzyme immunoassay followed by treatment with chloroquine, artemether, atovaquone, or lumefantrine* C. PCR followed by treatment with nifurtimox or benznidazole D. serological tests followed by treatment with stibogluconate or amphotericin B Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 33. Which form of Schistosoma penetrates the skin? A. cercariae* B. cysts C. miracidia D. spores Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 8 of 16 True/False 34. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A 35. Infectious arthritis is a bacterial infection that can be acute or chronic. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 36. Septicemic plague has a high mortality rate, approaching 100% in untreated individuals and approximately 50% even if antibiotics are given. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 37. Lyme disease always causes a bull’s eye rash. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 38. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite, most commonly Plasmodium falciparum. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 39. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of osteomyelitis. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 40. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment is sometimes used for those at high risk of developing recurrent rheumatic fever. Answer: True Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 9 of 16 41. Doxycycline is rarely used to treat infections caused by EBV. Answer: False Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 Matching 42. Match each type of blood condition with the best definition. A. bacteremia i. bacteria are reproducing in the blood B. septicemia ii. bacteria are present in the blood C. toxemia iii. viruses are present in the blood D. viremia iv. toxins are present in the blood Answers: A. ii., B. i., C. iv., D. iii. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 43. Match each bacterial disease with its causative agent. A. plague i. Rickettsia rickettsii B. rabbit fever ii. Yersinia pestis C. relapsing fever iii. Francisella tularensis D. rheumatic fever iv. Bartonella quintana E. Rocky Mountain spotted fever v. Borrelia sp. F. trench fever vi. Streptococcus pyogenes Answers: A. ii., B. iii., C. v., D. vi., E. i., F. iv. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 44. Match each viral disease with its characteristic symptoms. A. Burkitt lymphoma i. flu-like symptoms that develop into pulmonary edema, hypotension, pneumonia, and shock B. Chikungunya fever ii. blisters, high fever, rash, and joint pain that may last for months C. Ebola virus disease iii. headache, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhage that may lead to severe bleeding, shock, and organ failure D. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome iv. flu-like symptoms followed by a latent period without symptoms, then wasting, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections E. HIV infection/AIDS v. malignant B-cell tumors and oral hairy leukoplakia Answers: A. v., B. ii., C. iii., D. i., E. iv. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 10 of 16 45. Match each disease with the antimicrobial therapy most frequently used for its treatment. A. babesiosis i. stibogluconate or amphotericin B B. Chagas disease ii. nifurtimox or benznidazole C. leishmaniasis iii. atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine D. malaria iv. praziquantel E. schistosomiasis v. chloroquine, atovaquone, artemether, or lumefantrine F. toxoplasmosis vi. sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, or spiramycin Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. i., D. v., E. iv., F. vi. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 46. Match the disease with the mode of transmission. A. babesiosis i. direct contact with body fluids from an infected individual B. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ii. exposure to pathogens that enter the bloodstream through injury or trauma, sometimes followed by dissemination C. infectious mononucleosis iii. inhalation of contaminated rodent feces or urine D. osteomyelitis iv. bite by an infected tick E. tularemia v. ingestion of infected meat or handling of infected animals Answers: A. iv., B. iii., C. i., D. ii., E. v. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 Fill in the Blank 47. Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt lymphoma and ________. Answer: infectious mononucleosis Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 48. ________ are a class of viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Answer: Arboviruses Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 49. ________ plague is easier to treat than the other two forms. Answer: Bubonic Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 11 of 16 50. Ebolavirus is classified as a type of virus called a ________. Answer: filovirus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 51. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is treated using ________ care. Answer: supportive Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 52. After initial acute infection with HIV, patients experience a period of ________. Answer: latency Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 53. One opportunistic infection associated with AIDS is ________ pneumonia. Answer: Pneumocystis Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 54. Toxoplasmosis can be contracted by handling contaminated ________ feces. Answer: cat Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 55. The symptoms of malaria occur when parasites called ________, based on their life cycle stage, are released simultaneously. Answer: merozoites Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 56. During the first trimester of pregnancy, women with toxoplasmosis may be treated with ________ to reduce the risk of birth defects. Answer: spiramycin Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 14, 23 Short Answer TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 12 of 16 57. What is another name for cytomegalovirus? Sample Answer: Cytomegalovirus is also known as human herpesvirus 5. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 58. What is ART? Sample Answer: ART is antiretroviral therapy, like that used to treat HIV. Students may also mention that it usually involves the use of multiple drugs to help prevent resistance. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23 59. What other disease can be caused by hantavirus besides hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? Sample Answer: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) can also be caused by hantavirus. Students may also mention that HFRS has not been reported in the United States. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 60. What is an example of a helminthic disease that affects the circulatory and lymphatic systems? Sample Answer: Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is an example of a helminthic disease that affects the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23 61. What is the difference between the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium? Sample Answer: The pericardium is the sac surrounding the heart, the myocardium is the heart muscle, and the endocardium is the inner lining of the heart. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A 62. How can someone reduce their risk of contracting toxoplasmosis? Sample Answer: They should use good food hygiene, including washing vegetables and preparing food appropriately by cooking it thoroughly, and use good hygiene and hand washing when in contact with cat litter. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 63. How can the risk of malaria infection be reduced without the use of medication? TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 13 of 16 Sample Answer: Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, so people can avoid areas with mosquitoes, wear protective clothing, use insect repellent, and use insect netting to protect beds. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 64. Why is yellow fever no longer a significant threat in the United States, when it used to be common? Sample Answer: Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and efforts to control mosquitoes have made it less common. Students may also mention that vaccination has reduced rates of yellow fever infection, but vector control has been most critical in the United States. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 65. What are the potential consequences if a woman contracts cytomegalovirus during pregnancy? Sample Answer: If cytomegalovirus is transmitted to the fetus, it can sometimes (in approximately 20% of cases) result in birth defects such as deafness. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 66. What does it mean to say that HIV is a retrovirus? Sample Answer: Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have a DNA stage in their life cycle. They use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into cDNA. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 10, 23 67. How is leishmaniasis transmitted? Sample Answer: Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 68. How do snails play a role in the life cycle of Schistosoma? Sample Answer: After Schistosoma hatch as miracidia, they infect freshwater snails. They develop into cercariae within the snails before returning to the water, with the ability to infect humans. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 69. How does Leishmania survive within phagolysosomes? TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 14 of 16 Sample Answer: Leishmania has virulence factors that are able to inhibit enzymes that would normally digest pathogens within the phagolysosome. Students may also provide more information regarding these virulence factors. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 70. Which patients with Epstein-Barr virus are at risk of developing Burkitt lymphoma? Sample Answer: Burkitt lymphoma can develop in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV or malaria. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 71. A patient has developed symptoms a week after removing a tick, but did not keep the tick. The patient did not notice a bull’s eye rash and the symptoms are unclear. While waiting for diagnostic testing, what antibiotic is most likely to be useful and why? Sample Answer: Although not effective against all tick diseases, doxycycline is frequently useful for these illnesses. It is effective in treating Lyme disease, ehrlichosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. However, it is not effective for other tick-borne illnesses, such as babesiosis. The decision would be affected by the prevalence of specific tick-borne diseases in the area. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATING Failing Below Average Competent Advanced Criteria for evaluation Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE 0 1 2 3 Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 15 of 16 72. Explain how a bacterial infection can lead to life-threatening septic shock, including a description of what causes blood pressure changes. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. A bacterial infection causes an immune response. Large quantities of interleukin-1 and TNF-α released into the blood cause vasodilation accompanied by leakage from blood vessels due to reduced tight junctions in their epithelia. As fluid leaks from the circulatory system and causes edema, and blood vessels widen, the reduced blood volume can cause blood pressure to fall. Shock is the condition in which blood pressure is too low for the body to function normally. Kidney and respiratory functions may fail. In addition, the huge cytokine release into the blood as part of the inflammatory response may also lead to the formation of blood clots. Overall, this may lead to organ failure and death. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23 73. Why is it so difficult to find a way to remove the HIV virus from the body once an infection is established? Why does the immune system fail to eliminate it? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. The HIV virus integrates into the host cell chromosome as a provirus, making it difficult to target. Additionally, it mutates rapidly because it uses reverse transcriptase to transcribe its RNA genome to cDNA. Reverse transcriptase is not able to proofread, so viruses that use it mutate relatively rapidly. This means the virus changes too quickly for the body to produce specific antibodies that reliably target it. Additionally, the virus infects CD4 T cells and these eventually decrease in number, causing immunocompromise. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23 74. Cytomegalovirus is a relatively common virus that can cause serious consequences for some individuals. Describe its prevalence and reasons why particular populations are at higher risk of serious complications. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. Cytomegalovirus is so common that about half of individuals have experienced infection before adulthood. In most cases, individuals are asymptomatic or the symptoms are mild. However, cytomegalovirus can cause infectious mononucleosis and symptoms such as fatigue and fever. The virus is of particular concern for pregnant women, transplant recipients, and immunocompromised individuals (e.g., transplant recipients and individuals with AIDS). The virus can cause serious birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. Immunocompromised individuals experience more serious symptoms. Transplant recipients can be exposed to the virus through transplanted tissues, but they are also immunosuppressed and can experience reactivation of old CMV infections. For this reason, approximately 20% of transplant recipients develop symptomatic CMV. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 25: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections Page 16 of 16 75. Malaria is a major public health concern worldwide. Compare malaria with yellow fever, focusing on infection prevention, and speculate on what public health efforts may be most effective in combating malaria. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite (Plasmodium spp.) and yellow fever is caused by a flavivirus. However, both are transmitted by mosquitoes. Both malaria and yellow fever are rare in the United States, but this could change if the vectors became more common. Both diseases are found in Africa, but Yellow Fever is also found in South America. Because both diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes, control of the mosquito species that serve as vectors is important in controlling infections. Improved mosquito control has been sufficient to reduce rates of both diseases, which was important in allowing the construction of the Panama Canal. A vaccination is available for yellow fever, so a combination of vector control and vaccination has been helpful in reducing outbreaks. The World Health Organization Yellow Fever Initiative has worked to reduce yellow fever prevalence since 2006. Malaria continues to be an important public health concern. Individuals traveling to areas with malaria can take prophylactic medications such as chloroquine, artemether, atovaquone, and lumefantrine. There is no vaccine available at present. Additionally, any measures that improve mosquito control can help control malaria. These include the use of insecticides and insect repellents, mosquito-repellant bed nets, and reduction of mosquito breeding sites. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23 This file is copyright 2017, Rice University. All rights reserved. TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER