Criminology Unit 3 controlled assessment- AC 1.2 model answer

Unit 3 Outline CHAPTER 5 Early Biological Theories of Behavior • Positive School of Criminology: A perspective that assume that individuals have no free will to control their behavior. • Deterrence does not explain the distribution of crime and scientists were starting to notice. • Eugenics: The study of and policies related to the improvement of the human race via discriminatory control over reproduction • Craniometry: the belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups • Used as a way of furthering the assumptions of eugenics • Phrenology: the science of determining human dispositions based on distinctions in the skull, which is believed to conform to the shape of the brain. • Phrenology was quickly proven dumb through actual science • Physiognomy: the study of facial and other bodily aspects to indicate developmental problems, such as criminality. • ^ Tried to show that because certain criminals had similar features to animals, there was a positive correlation between this and crime rates. This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :18:30 GMT -06:00 CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 3 CONTROLLED ASSESSEMENT - AC 1.2 APPLICATION AND QUESTION ANSWERS: After the different Classical schools were developed from people like Charles Darwin, then came the Biological/Positive School of Criminology. This school focused on the biology of the criminal and how crime could be affected by things internal and not due to free will. Many scientists found that deterrence theory’s one flaw was that it did not explain the distribution of crime. Many theories came from this perspective like Craniometry, Eugenics, Phrenology, and more, which weren’t the most progressive theories but were positively trended enough to make sense. For example: Eugenics focused on studying genetic makeup and how altering reproduction methods could result in stronger traits through generational progressionism, but in real terms means unethically forcing sex on people so that the next generation would be strong soldiers; this which was probably not very ethical as a criminal theory. Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals • Influenced heavily by Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection • Atavism: the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development. • Lombroso acknowledged that crime may occur due to external factors, he claimed the “born criminals” are the ones that should be studied. • Even with Theory, Lombroso still said there is a way to reduce crime, can be identified ahead of time through • Stigmata: The physical manifestations of atavism(biological inferiority) • Lombroso’s List of Stigmata: Abnormally large or small noses, eyes, ears, jaws, etc. (Even things like tattoos and a history of epilepsy in the family) • Lombroso considered a Father of Crim. And The Father of The Positive School • ^ BC he was the first gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will or free choice that were predicted to cause crime. • Determinism: The assumption that human behavior is caused by factors outside free will and rational decision-making • Determining factor was the individuals’ biological makeup This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :18:30 GMT -06:00 • Minor Physical Anomalies (MPA): physical features, such as asymmetrical or low-seated ears, that are believed to indicate developmental problems APPLICATION AND QUESTION ANSWERS: From Darwin’s ideas came people like Lombroso who expanded on his theories, created his own studies, and directly created The Positive School train of thought. One of the biggest theories he focused on was Atavism, which is the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development. He would focus on stigmata, which were certain characteristics that positively correlated to crime, such as the size of the nose, ears, and jaw, and see if they connected. Because of these finds, he was considered a major figure in Criminology since he was the first to be acknowledged for identifying factors to crime beyond free will and free choice. Lombroso was able to work on his theories more accurately with crime cases like Dr. Shipman, who because he was also a doctor, raised the question of why a doctor would commit a crime. After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era • Lombroso’s theorizing remained dominant until the early 1900s • Originated by Alfred Binet in France, IQ was born after Lombroso’s theories was considered invalid • IQ intentions were twisted once it reached the U.S., now used for deportation and other negative connotations • Goddard creates the IQ Test, adopted from Binet’s model, to examine immigrants • Goddard believed and claimed that IQ was static or innate, meaning levels couldn’t be changed • Feeble-Mindedness: technical, scientific term in the early 1900s meaning those who had significantly below-average intelligence • Levels of Feeble-Mindedness: 1. Moron 2. Imbeciles 3. Idiot • Morons are bigger problems than idiots because they tend to rebel more. • Over time, Goddard realized his policies were not based on accurate science • Justified inaccuracy of IQ tests on the IQ scores of that persons’ parents