MED 2059 Exam
Topics to Review
1. Discuss the developmental milestone during infancy, toddler, preschool, and school age
Infancy: 2 days to 1 year
• Oral stage (Freud): sucking brings comfort and relief from tension
• 4 to 6 weeks: stops crying when held
• 2 months: lifts and turns head
• 3 months: Reaches for and tries to grasp objects/lift head & shoulders while being prone
• Grasp reflex disappears around 3 months of age
• Posterior fontanel (2 to 3 months) of age (if still open past 3 months possible hydrocephalus>
Measure head circumferences
• 4 months: lifting head and shoulders >they roll side to side/back to side (supine to lateral)
• Prehension occurs around 5 to 6 months of age and follows an orderly sequence of development
• 5 months: recognizes peoples; holds own bottle; splashes in water
• 6 months: rolls over (supine to prone); sits alone; plays peek-a-boo, cooing; gurgling stage;
weight doubles, holds bottle, solid foods introduced, lack of visual coordination resolves,
teething toy is
appropriate (bottom teeth comes out first)
• 9 months: crawls; knows own name; understands “no”
• 10 months: some walk with help, can change from a laying down to aa sitting position>solitary
play, object permanence, can bear weight on legs
• 12 months: most walk alone
Toddler: 1 to 3 years
• Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age
• Birth weight triples
• Parallel play
• Erikson > Autonomy vs. Shame
• Freud > Anal stage
• Best toy > push and pull toys (12 months)
• Most children can walk alone by 12 months of age
• Always say no > give them options
• Separation anxiety (intense emotion)
• Rate of brain growth slows
• Body proportions change: head and trunk grow more slowly
• Musculoskeletal system grows and bones begin to ossify
• Protuberant abdomen flattens when muscle fibers increase in size and strength
• Myelination of the spinal cord is nearly complete by 2 years
• Bowel and bladder control usually complete by 2.5 to 3 years of age
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
• Super Ego emerges
• Doubles the 1-year old weight by 5 years of age
• Erikson > Initiative vs. Guilt
• Associative play (Role Playing): *if they play alone, they like to build things*
• If they get sick, they think they did something wrong
• Between 3 and 6 years of age, grows taller and loses chubbiness from toddler age
, • All 20 primary teeth have rupture
• Has good control of muscles
• Hand preference develops by 3 years of age
• More adept at using old skills as each year passes
School age (6 to 12 years)
• Slows until just before puberty
• Erikson > Industry vs. Inferiority
• Piaget > Concrete operations
• Play > competitive (ex. Board games, collecting stamps)
• Weight gain is more rapid than increase in height
• Brain has reached approximately adult size
• Muscular coordination improved
• Lower center of gravity
• *size is not correlated with emotional maturity*
o Problems can occur when a child faces higher expectations because he or she is taller and
heavier than peers
2. Explain the different newborn reflexes.
Moro (startle reflex): usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. They will
abduct then extend the arms with the fingers widely open and the thumb and index finger form a “C” shape.
The lower extremities might also extend and abduct toward the abdomen.
• Present at birth and is absent by 6 months of age if neurological maturation is not delayed.
Rooting reflex: Stroking of the cheek elicits the newborn to turn their head toward the side that is touched
• Usually disappears after 3 to 4 months but can persist up to 1 year
Sucking reflex: The finger being put into the mouth of the newborns elicits the newborn to begin sucking
• Birth to 4 months –can persist up to 1 year
Palmar Grasp: Elicited from placing your finger in the palm of the newborn and the newborn responds by
curling the finger around the examiner’s fingers
, • Lessens by 3 months
Plantar grasp: Elicited by placing the examiner’s fingers at the base of the foot. Th newborn responds by
curling the toes downward.
• From birth to 8 months
Tonic neck reflex (fencing position): When the newborn’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that
same side extends and the opposing arm and leg flex.
• From birth to 3 to 4 months
Topics to Review
1. Discuss the developmental milestone during infancy, toddler, preschool, and school age
Infancy: 2 days to 1 year
• Oral stage (Freud): sucking brings comfort and relief from tension
• 4 to 6 weeks: stops crying when held
• 2 months: lifts and turns head
• 3 months: Reaches for and tries to grasp objects/lift head & shoulders while being prone
• Grasp reflex disappears around 3 months of age
• Posterior fontanel (2 to 3 months) of age (if still open past 3 months possible hydrocephalus>
Measure head circumferences
• 4 months: lifting head and shoulders >they roll side to side/back to side (supine to lateral)
• Prehension occurs around 5 to 6 months of age and follows an orderly sequence of development
• 5 months: recognizes peoples; holds own bottle; splashes in water
• 6 months: rolls over (supine to prone); sits alone; plays peek-a-boo, cooing; gurgling stage;
weight doubles, holds bottle, solid foods introduced, lack of visual coordination resolves,
teething toy is
appropriate (bottom teeth comes out first)
• 9 months: crawls; knows own name; understands “no”
• 10 months: some walk with help, can change from a laying down to aa sitting position>solitary
play, object permanence, can bear weight on legs
• 12 months: most walk alone
Toddler: 1 to 3 years
• Anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age
• Birth weight triples
• Parallel play
• Erikson > Autonomy vs. Shame
• Freud > Anal stage
• Best toy > push and pull toys (12 months)
• Most children can walk alone by 12 months of age
• Always say no > give them options
• Separation anxiety (intense emotion)
• Rate of brain growth slows
• Body proportions change: head and trunk grow more slowly
• Musculoskeletal system grows and bones begin to ossify
• Protuberant abdomen flattens when muscle fibers increase in size and strength
• Myelination of the spinal cord is nearly complete by 2 years
• Bowel and bladder control usually complete by 2.5 to 3 years of age
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
• Super Ego emerges
• Doubles the 1-year old weight by 5 years of age
• Erikson > Initiative vs. Guilt
• Associative play (Role Playing): *if they play alone, they like to build things*
• If they get sick, they think they did something wrong
• Between 3 and 6 years of age, grows taller and loses chubbiness from toddler age
, • All 20 primary teeth have rupture
• Has good control of muscles
• Hand preference develops by 3 years of age
• More adept at using old skills as each year passes
School age (6 to 12 years)
• Slows until just before puberty
• Erikson > Industry vs. Inferiority
• Piaget > Concrete operations
• Play > competitive (ex. Board games, collecting stamps)
• Weight gain is more rapid than increase in height
• Brain has reached approximately adult size
• Muscular coordination improved
• Lower center of gravity
• *size is not correlated with emotional maturity*
o Problems can occur when a child faces higher expectations because he or she is taller and
heavier than peers
2. Explain the different newborn reflexes.
Moro (startle reflex): usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. They will
abduct then extend the arms with the fingers widely open and the thumb and index finger form a “C” shape.
The lower extremities might also extend and abduct toward the abdomen.
• Present at birth and is absent by 6 months of age if neurological maturation is not delayed.
Rooting reflex: Stroking of the cheek elicits the newborn to turn their head toward the side that is touched
• Usually disappears after 3 to 4 months but can persist up to 1 year
Sucking reflex: The finger being put into the mouth of the newborns elicits the newborn to begin sucking
• Birth to 4 months –can persist up to 1 year
Palmar Grasp: Elicited from placing your finger in the palm of the newborn and the newborn responds by
curling the finger around the examiner’s fingers
, • Lessens by 3 months
Plantar grasp: Elicited by placing the examiner’s fingers at the base of the foot. Th newborn responds by
curling the toes downward.
• From birth to 8 months
Tonic neck reflex (fencing position): When the newborn’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that
same side extends and the opposing arm and leg flex.
• From birth to 3 to 4 months
