TYPES OF PRACTICE
MASSED: continuous → without rests
Skill is: discrete → closed → self-paces → autonomous learner
Advantages: motor programmes are developed → to improve fitness
Disadvantages: no time for feedback → too demanding (fatigue)
E.G basketball player practicing a free throw
DISTRIBUTED: practice methods with rest periods
Skill is: continuous → complex → serial → cognitive performer → lacks fitness
Advantages: allows recovery → less mental pressure → allows mental rehearsal
Disadvantages: time-consuming → negative transfer → cant be used for quick progress
E.G. swimmer practicing stroke technique
VARIABLE: in a constantly changing environment
Skill is: open → externally paced → complex → cognitive performer → unfit
Advantages: builds and schema → able to adapt to stimuli in a match
Disadvantages: time-consuming → fatigue → too demanding
E.G player practising a football pass
MENTAL: going over the skill in your mind
Advantages: improves reaction time → builds confidence → controls anxiety
Disadvantages: must be correct → environment must be calm → doesn't work for everyone
E.G. trampoline routine
STAGES OF LEARNING
COGNITIVE:
- Begins to create a mental image
- Trial and error
- Slow & uncoordinated
- Motor programmes not yet developed
- Think about actions before attempting again
- Think carefully about actions
ASSOCIATIVE:
- Trial and error
- Stay in this stage the longest
- Practise is important
- Compare their performance to elite performers
- Movements become smoother & more coordinated
AUTONOMOUS:
- Actions are fluent, efficient, automatic
- Concentrate on finer details
- Without conscious thought
- Motor programmes fully developed
- Considered an expert
, LEARNING PLATEAUS
Stage 1: slow → trial and error
Stage 2: rapid acceleration → begins to master
Stage 3: no improvement → reached the plateau
Stage 4: deteriorate due to fatigue
causes
- Loss of motivation
- mental/physical fatigue
- Limit of ability reached
- Poor coaching
- Incorrect goals set
Solutions
- Offer rewards → vary the task
- rest → improve fitness
- Point out plateau effect
- Change coach
- Set a new challenge
THEORIES OF LEARNING
INSIGHT LEARNING - COGNITIVE
- Learning through experiencing whole skill → isolated parts → kinaesthesis
- The performer has to think about what they are doing prior to experiences &
knowledge
- Use their knowledge to adapt to sporting situations
- Develop their own strategies
- Created independent thinkers
- Increases intrinsic motivations
OPERANT CONDITIONING - BEHAVIOURISM - SKINNER
- Making a strength between stimulus and response
- Once the bond is made → increases the likelihood of response
- S-R bond formed by reinforcement
- Reinforced actions = strengthened
- Incorrect actions = weakened
How coaches allow performers to learn through operant conditioning
- Trial and error → punish reinforcement
- Manipulate the environment → to ensure the correct response
- Offer a satisfier and annoyer → positive & negative reinforcement
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - OBSERVATIONAL - BANDURA
- Watching & replicating the actions of other ‘models’ who we respect and admire
- Models → significant others
MASSED: continuous → without rests
Skill is: discrete → closed → self-paces → autonomous learner
Advantages: motor programmes are developed → to improve fitness
Disadvantages: no time for feedback → too demanding (fatigue)
E.G basketball player practicing a free throw
DISTRIBUTED: practice methods with rest periods
Skill is: continuous → complex → serial → cognitive performer → lacks fitness
Advantages: allows recovery → less mental pressure → allows mental rehearsal
Disadvantages: time-consuming → negative transfer → cant be used for quick progress
E.G. swimmer practicing stroke technique
VARIABLE: in a constantly changing environment
Skill is: open → externally paced → complex → cognitive performer → unfit
Advantages: builds and schema → able to adapt to stimuli in a match
Disadvantages: time-consuming → fatigue → too demanding
E.G player practising a football pass
MENTAL: going over the skill in your mind
Advantages: improves reaction time → builds confidence → controls anxiety
Disadvantages: must be correct → environment must be calm → doesn't work for everyone
E.G. trampoline routine
STAGES OF LEARNING
COGNITIVE:
- Begins to create a mental image
- Trial and error
- Slow & uncoordinated
- Motor programmes not yet developed
- Think about actions before attempting again
- Think carefully about actions
ASSOCIATIVE:
- Trial and error
- Stay in this stage the longest
- Practise is important
- Compare their performance to elite performers
- Movements become smoother & more coordinated
AUTONOMOUS:
- Actions are fluent, efficient, automatic
- Concentrate on finer details
- Without conscious thought
- Motor programmes fully developed
- Considered an expert
, LEARNING PLATEAUS
Stage 1: slow → trial and error
Stage 2: rapid acceleration → begins to master
Stage 3: no improvement → reached the plateau
Stage 4: deteriorate due to fatigue
causes
- Loss of motivation
- mental/physical fatigue
- Limit of ability reached
- Poor coaching
- Incorrect goals set
Solutions
- Offer rewards → vary the task
- rest → improve fitness
- Point out plateau effect
- Change coach
- Set a new challenge
THEORIES OF LEARNING
INSIGHT LEARNING - COGNITIVE
- Learning through experiencing whole skill → isolated parts → kinaesthesis
- The performer has to think about what they are doing prior to experiences &
knowledge
- Use their knowledge to adapt to sporting situations
- Develop their own strategies
- Created independent thinkers
- Increases intrinsic motivations
OPERANT CONDITIONING - BEHAVIOURISM - SKINNER
- Making a strength between stimulus and response
- Once the bond is made → increases the likelihood of response
- S-R bond formed by reinforcement
- Reinforced actions = strengthened
- Incorrect actions = weakened
How coaches allow performers to learn through operant conditioning
- Trial and error → punish reinforcement
- Manipulate the environment → to ensure the correct response
- Offer a satisfier and annoyer → positive & negative reinforcement
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - OBSERVATIONAL - BANDURA
- Watching & replicating the actions of other ‘models’ who we respect and admire
- Models → significant others
