SCIENCE 1315 Microbiology Test blanks (Chapter 9) | Microbiology, Chloroplast, DNA, DNA Damage | Doenload To Score An A

Microbiology test blanks (Chapter 9) Student: 1. Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include: A. chromosomes. B. plasmids. C. mitochondrial DNA. D. chloroplast DNA. E. All of the choices are correct. 2. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes because only eukaryotes have A. histone proteins. B. chromosomes in a nucleus. C. several to many chromosomes. D. elongated, not circular, chromosomes. E. All of the choices are correct. 3. The DNA of microorganisms is made up of subunits called A. histones. B. amino acids. C. nucleotides. D. mRNA. E. polymerases. 4. Which is incorrect about purines? A. only found in DNA, not in RNA B. are nitrogenous bases C. always paired with a specific pyrimidine D. include adenine and guanine E. found within nucleotides 5. The antiparallel arrangement within DNA molecules refers to A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar. B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine. C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction. D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule. E. None of the choices are correct. 6. Semiconservative replication refers to A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar. B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine. C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction. D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule. E. None of the choices are correct. 7. The duplication of a cell's DNA is called A. mitosis. B. replication. C. transcription. D. translation. E. mutation. 8. DNA polymerase III A. is needed for adding nucleotides during mRNA synthesis. B. synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction. C. cannot add nucleotides to the lagging strand. D. synthesizes an RNA primer. E. All of the choices are correct. 9. Which enzyme fills in the spaces between the Okazaki fragments with the correct nucleotides? A. DNA ligases B. DNA polymerases C. DNA helicases D. DNA gyrases E. primases 10. The enzymes that help pack DNA into the cell by coiling the DNA into a tight bundle are A. DNA ligases. B. DNA polymerases. C. DNA helicases. D. DNA gyrases. E. primases. 11. The enzymes that can proofread replicating DNA, detect incorrect bases, excise them, and correctly replace them are A. DNA ligases. B. DNA polymerases. C. DNA helicases. D. DNA gyrases. E. primases. 12. The site where the old DNA strands separate and new DNA strands will be synthesized is called the A. primer. B. Okazaki fragment. C. template. D. rolling circle. E. replication fork. 13. All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases, except: A. they form pairs by hydrogen bonding. B. guanine pairs with uracil. C. adenine pairs with thymine. D. cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines. E. allows variation from one nucleotide to another which creates the encoded information. 14. Which enzyme is mismatched with its function in DNA replication? A. gyrase - supercoiling DNA B. RNA polymerase - synthesizes RNA primers C. ligase - final sealing of DNA nicks in DNA D. DNA polymerase I - removes primer E. DNA polymerase III - Adding bases to the new DNA chain 15. Groups of three consecutive bases along the DNA of a gene have the code for one A. protein. B. nucleotide. C. amino acid. D. purine. E. None of the choices are correct. 16. The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called A. ribosomal RNA. B. messenger RNA. C. transfer RNA. D. primer RNA. E. ribozymes. 17. This molecule is transcribed from the DNA template strand and later translated. A. ribosomal RNA B. messenger RNA C. transfer RNA D. primer RNA E. protein 18. RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA A. has ribose. B. has uracil. C. is typically one strand of nucleotides. D. does not have thymine. E. All of the choices are correct. 19. All of the following pertain to transcription, except it: A. occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm. B. occurs before translation. C. requires RNA polymerase. D. requires a template DNA strand. E. is part of the process of protein synthesis. 20. Which of the following is incorrect about transfer RNA? A. it has a bottom hairpin loop with an anticodon. B. an anticodon is complementary to a codon. C. it contains a binding site for an amino acid. D. the initiator tRNA that binds to the P site has the anticodon UAC. E. the initiator tRNA in bacteria carries tryptophan. 21. If a codon for alanine is GCA, then the anticodon is A. GCA. B. CGT. C. ACG. D. CGU. E. UGC. 22. The non-transcribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the A. promoter. B. operator. C. operon. D. exon. E. intron. 23. A sequence of bases on a gene that does not code for protein is called a/an A. promoter. B. operator. C. operon. D. exon. E. intron. 24. The following pertain to ribosomes during protein synthesis, except they: A. contain codons within their rRNA molecules. B. participate only in translation. C. bind to the 5' end of mRNA by their small subunit. D. use their large subunit to supply enzymes for peptide bonding. E. shift to the right along the mRNA strand from one codon to the next. 25. Which of the following is incorrect about termination codons? A. they are also called nonsense codons B. where the bond between the final tRNA and the polymerase is broken C. they include AUG D. they include UAA, UAG, UGA E. they do not have corresponding tRNA 26. Split genes A. are common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B. only have exons initially transcribed to mRNA. C. have introns located only at the beginning and end of a coding region. D. use spliceosomes to excise introns and then join exons. E. All of the choices are correct. 27. Which of the following is incorrect about animal viruses? A. viral mRNA is translated on host cell ribosomes B. replication of viral RNA occurs in the host nucleus C. host tRNA's are used in viral translation D. host DNA polymerase often participates in viral DNA replication E. oncogenic viruses integrate their DNA into host DNA and can initiate cancer 28. All of the following pertain to RNA virus replication, except: A. positive-sense viruses first replicate a negative strand as a template. B. retroviruses synthesize DNA from their RNA genome. C. retroviruses carry reverse transcriptase into the host cell. D. negative-sense viruses directly undergo translation. E. All of the choices are correct. 29. Which is incorrect about inducible operons? A. they have genes turned off by a buildup of end product. B. they are often for catabolic pathways. C. they are normally turned off. D. they are turned on by the substrate of the enzyme. E. they include the lac operon. 30. The operon segment composed of the gene that codes for a protein repressor is called the A. operator. B. structural locus. C. regulator. D. promoter. E. None of the choices are correct. 31. Synthesis of an inducible enzyme requires A. repressor alone bound to operator. B. substrate bound to repressor. C. substrate bound to promoter. D. corepressor and repressor binding to the operator. E. None of the choices are correct. 32. Much of what was previously thought to be "junk" DNA has been found to have which purpose? A. It codes for antibiotic resistance proteins. B. It codes for repressor proteins. C. It codes for RNA regulatory molecules. D. It codes for repair enzymes to fix mutations. E. None of the choices are correct. 33. A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a A. point mutation. B. silent mutation. C. back mutation. D. missense mutation. E. nonsense mutation. 34. Bacterial conjugation involves A. bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell. B. a donor cell with a plasmid and a pilus. C. naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell are taken up by a recipient cell. D. new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells. E. None of the choices are correct. 35. The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur in A. bacterial conjugation. B. transformation. C. generalized transduction. D. specialized transduction. E. All of the choices are correct. 36. Which is incorrect about pyrimidines? A. are only found in DNA, not in RNA B. they are always paired with a specific purine C. they include cytosine and thymine D. they are found within nucleotides E. they are nitrogenous bases they 37. The Ames test is designed to A. determine the rate of DNA replication in various bacterial species. B. detect the presence of a prophage in a cell. C. detect if a cell is infected by a virus. D. determine if a cell is resistant to an antibiotic. E. detect chemicals with carcinogenic potential. 38. Which type of mutation leads to a frameshift mutation? A. missense B. deletion C. nonsense D. base substitution E. All of the choices are correct. 39. Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosa lack a functioning A. photolyase. B. DNA polymerase III. C. DNA ligase. D. ribozyme. E. RNA polymerase. 40. All of the following are products of transcription, except: A. rRNA. B. mRNA. C. DNA. D. tRNA. E. All of the choices are products of transcription. 41. If the DNA sequence is ATTCCGGA, the mRNA transcript would be A. TAAGGCCT. B. UAAGGCCU. C. ATTCCGGA. D. GUUAATTG. E. CAAGGUTA. 42. In order for a retrovirus to insert itself into the host's DNA, it must do which of the following? A. DNA →DNA B. DNA →RNA C. RNA →RNA D. RNA →DNA E. RNA →protein 43. All of the following are true about mutations, except: A. they are always detrimental to the organism they occur in. B. they occur in the DNA. C. if not repaired, they become part of the gene pool. D. they may lead to an incorrect protein being made. E. they can create variants in a population. 44. Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosa cannot repair mutations caused by A. nitrous acid. B. acridine dyes. C. ultraviolet light. D. ethidium bromide. E. bisulfite. 45. Which of the following is not true about transposons? A. They contain DNA that codes for their own removal and insertion. B. They can move from a chromosome to another chromosome. C. They can move from a chromosome to a plasmid. D. They are rare among prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. E. They can replicate themselves before jumping to the next location. 46. Transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes. A. in different organelles B. simultaneously C. in the nucleus D. only on the ribosomes 47. In Griffith’s experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia rough non-encapsulated Streptococci were converted into to smooth encapsulated Streptococci in the presence of the heat killed smooth encapsulated Streptococci. What is the term that describes this process? A. transduction B. conjugation C. transformation D. cloning 48. Viruses with DNA for their nucleic acid can have either double-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA. True False 49. An example of epigenetics is when methyl groups attach to certain nucleotides to control transcription. True False 50. A missense mutation can cause no significant alteration in protein functions. True False 51. Transduction utilizes bacteriophages to carry DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell. True False 52. The smallest unit of heredity is a chromosome. True False 53. In bacteria, initiator tRNA carries formyl methionine. True False 54. The on/off switch for transcription in the lactose operon is called the regulator. True False 55. Lactose is a corepressor in the lac operon. True False 56. Repressible operons are normally in the on mode in the cell. True False 57. Induced mutations result from errors in DNA replication. True False 58. DNA photolyase, in the presence of visible light, can repair DNA damage due to ultraviolet radiation. True False 59. The is all of the genetic material of a cell. 60. Each nucleotide is composed of one phosphate, one 5-carbon , and one base. 61. Base pairs in DNA are held together by bonds. 62. During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a for synthesis of new DNA strands. 63. A nucleosome is a linear chromosome wound around the . 64. Each is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one functional product. 65. Gene regulation can involve a protein repressor that blocks from initiating transcription. 66. Repressible operons require that a bind to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator. 67. A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called a . 68. A screening system called the test is used for detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential. 69. Discuss the interrelationship of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the cell. Explain the specific underlying cellular mechanisms of this relationship. 70. Compare and contrast the components and specific regulatory events of the lac operon and the arg operon. 71. Compare and contrast the 3 bacterial gene transfers with DNA recombination. Explain why these are not reproduction, and why they are important to bacterial species. 72. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is on the increase. Using your knowledge of microbial genetics, discuss at least 2 specific cell mechanisms that would allow development of antimicrobial resistance. 73. Compare and contrast the characteristics of genetic material, including its chemical structure, organization, and packaging found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. 9 Key 1. Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include: A. chromosomes. B. plasmids. C. mitochondrial DNA. D. chloroplast DNA. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Talaro - Chapter 09 #1 2. Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes because only eukaryotes have A. histone proteins. B. chromosomes in a nucleus. C. several to many chromosomes. D. elongated, not circular, chromosomes. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #2 3. The DNA of microorganisms is made up of subunits called A. histones. B. amino acids. C. nucleotides. D. mRNA. E. polymerases. 4. Which is incorrect about purines? A. only found in DNA, not in RNA B. are nitrogenous bases C. always paired with a specific pyrimidine D. include adenine and guanine E. found within nucleotides Learning objective: 09.03 Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Talaro - Chapter 09 #3 Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Learning objective: 09.05 List the nitrogen bases and explain their bonding patterns. Talaro - Chapter 09 #4 5. The antiparallel arrangement within DNA molecules refers to A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar. B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine. C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction. D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.03 Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Talaro - Chapter 09 #5 6. Semiconservative replication refers to A. each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar. B. a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine. C. one helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction. D. an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #6 7. The duplication of a cell's DNA is called A. mitosis. B. replication. C. transcription. D. translation. E. mutation. 8. DNA polymerase III Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #7 A. is needed for adding nucleotides during mRNA synthesis. B. synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction. C. cannot add nucleotides to the lagging strand. D. synthesizes an RNA primer. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #8 9. Which enzyme fills in the spaces between the Okazaki fragments with the correct nucleotides? A. DNA ligases B. DNA polymerases C. DNA helicases D. DNA gyrases E. primases Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #9 10. The enzymes that help pack DNA into the cell by coiling the DNA into a tight bundle are A. DNA ligases. B. DNA polymerases. C. DNA helicases. D. DNA gyrases. E. primases. Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #10 11. The enzymes that can proofread replicating DNA, detect incorrect bases, excise them, and correctly replace them are A. DNA ligases. B. DNA polymerases. C. DNA helicases. D. DNA gyrases. E. primases. Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #11 12. The site where the old DNA strands separate and new DNA strands will be synthesized is called the A. primer. B. Okazaki fragment. C. template. D. rolling circle. E. replication fork. Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #12 13. All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases, except: A. they form pairs by hydrogen bonding. B. guanine pairs with uracil. C. adenine pairs with thymine. D. cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines. E. allows variation from one nucleotide to another which creates the encoded information. Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Learning objective: 09.05 List the nitrogen bases and explain their bonding patterns. Talaro - Chapter 09 #13 14. Which enzyme is mismatched with its function in DNA replication? A. gyrase - supercoiling DNA B. RNA polymerase - synthesizes RNA primers C. ligase - final sealing of DNA nicks in DNA D. DNA polymerase I - removes primer E. DNA polymerase III - Adding bases to the new DNA chain Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #14 15. Groups of three consecutive bases along the DNA of a gene have the code for one A. protein. B. nucleotide. C. amino acid. D. purine. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.08 Explain the relationship between the structure of DNA and the structure of proteins. Talaro - Chapter 09 #15 16. The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called A. ribosomal RNA. B. messenger RNA. C. transfer RNA. D. primer RNA. E. ribozymes. Learning objective: 09.12 Relate the participants and steps in translation (protein synthesis). Talaro - Chapter 09 #16 17. This molecule is transcribed from the DNA template strand and later translated. A. ribosomal RNA B. messenger RNA C. transfer RNA D. primer RNA E. protein Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. Learning objective: 09.11 Describe the genetic code, codons, anticodons, and how they relate to one another. Learning objective: 09.13 Distinguish major points of difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation. Talaro - Chapter 09 #17 18. RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA A. has ribose. B. has uracil. C. is typically one strand of nucleotides. D. does not have thymine. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #18 19. All of the following pertain to transcription, except it: A. occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm. B. occurs before translation. C. requires RNA polymerase. D. requires a template DNA strand. E. is part of the process of protein synthesis. Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. Learning objective: 09.13 Distinguish major points of difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation. Talaro - Chapter 09 #19 20. Which of the following is incorrect about transfer RNA? A. it has a bottom hairpin loop with an anticodon. B. an anticodon is complementary to a codon. C. it contains a binding site for an amino acid. D. the initiator tRNA that binds to the P site has the anticodon UAC. E. the initiator tRNA in bacteria carries tryptophan. Learning objective: 09.09 Describe the different types of RNA and their basic functions in genetic expression. Talaro - Chapter 09 #20 21. If a codon for alanine is GCA, then the anticodon is A. GCA. B. CGT. C. ACG. D. CGU. E. UGC. Learning objective: 09.11 Describe the genetic code, codons, anticodons, and how they relate to one another. Talaro - Chapter 09 #21 22. The non-transcribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the A. promoter. B. operator. C. operon. D. exon. E. intron. Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. Talaro - Chapter 09 #22 23. A sequence of bases on a gene that does not code for protein is called a/an A. promoter. B. operator. C. operon. D. exon. E. intron. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #23 24. The following pertain to ribosomes during protein synthesis, except they: A. contain codons within their rRNA molecules. B. participate only in translation. C. bind to the 5' end of mRNA by their small subunit. D. use their large subunit to supply enzymes for peptide bonding. E. shift to the right along the mRNA strand from one codon to the next. Learning objective: 09.09 Describe the different types of RNA and their basic functions in genetic expression. Talaro - Chapter 09 #24 25. Which of the following is incorrect about termination codons? A. they are also called nonsense codons B. where the bond between the final tRNA and the polymerase is broken C. they include AUG D. they include UAA, UAG, UGA E. they do not have corresponding tRNA 26. Split genes Learning objective: 09.09 Describe the different types of RNA and their basic functions in genetic expression. Talaro - Chapter 09 #25 A. are common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B. only have exons initially transcribed to mRNA. C. have introns located only at the beginning and end of a coding region. D. use spliceosomes to excise introns and then join exons. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #26 27. Which of the following is incorrect about animal viruses? A. viral mRNA is translated on host cell ribosomes B. replication of viral RNA occurs in the host nucleus C. host tRNA's are used in viral translation D. host DNA polymerase often participates in viral DNA replication E. oncogenic viruses integrate their DNA into host DNA and can initiate cancer Learning objective: 09.27 Explain the major elements of viral genetics. Learning objective: 09.28 Compare aspects of the genetics of DNA and RNA viruses, using examples. Talaro - Chapter 09 #27 28. All of the following pertain to RNA virus replication, except: A. positive-sense viruses first replicate a negative strand as a template. B. retroviruses synthesize DNA from their RNA genome. C. retroviruses carry reverse transcriptase into the host cell. D. negative-sense viruses directly undergo translation. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.27 Explain the major elements of viral genetics. Learning objective: 09.28 Compare aspects of the genetics of DNA and RNA viruses, using examples. Talaro - Chapter 09 #28 29. Which is incorrect about inducible operons? A. they have genes turned off by a buildup of end product. B. they are often for catabolic pathways. C. they are normally turned off. D. they are turned on by the substrate of the enzyme. E. they include the lac operon. Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. Talaro - Chapter 09 #29 30. The operon segment composed of the gene that codes for a protein repressor is called the A. operator. B. structural locus. C. regulator. D. promoter. E. None of the choices are correct. 31. Synthesis of an inducible enzyme requires A. repressor alone bound to operator. B. substrate bound to repressor. C. substrate bound to promoter. Learning objective: 09.14 Explain the functions of operons in bacterial genetic control. Talaro - Chapter 09 #30 D. corepressor and repressor binding to the operator. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. Talaro - Chapter 09 #31 32. Much of what was previously thought to be "junk" DNA has been found to have which purpose? A. It codes for antibiotic resistance proteins. B. It codes for repressor proteins. C. It codes for RNA regulatory molecules. D. It codes for repair enzymes to fix mutations. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.07 Present an overview of the main aspects of the flow of genetic information in cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #32 33. A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a A. point mutation. B. silent mutation. C. back mutation. D. missense mutation. E. nonsense mutation. 34. Bacterial conjugation involves Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #33 A. bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell. B. a donor cell with a plasmid and a pilus. C. naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell are taken up by a recipient cell. D. new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells. E. None of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.23 Describe the main features of conjugation and its outcomes. Talaro - Chapter 09 #34 35. The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur in A. bacterial conjugation. B. transformation. C. generalized transduction. D. specialized transduction. E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.25 Identify the basic processes involved in transduction and the end results. Talaro - Chapter 09 #35 36. Which is incorrect about pyrimidines? A. are only found in DNA, not in RNA B. they are always paired with a specific purine C. they include cytosine and thymine D. they are found within nucleotides E. they are nitrogenous bases they Learning objective: 09.05 List the nitrogen bases and explain their bonding patterns. Talaro - Chapter 09 #36 37. The Ames test is designed to A. determine the rate of DNA replication in various bacterial species. B. detect the presence of a prophage in a cell. C. detect if a cell is infected by a virus. D. determine if a cell is resistant to an antibiotic. E. detect chemicals with carcinogenic potential. Learning objective: 09.18 Define a mutation and explain how mutant forms are identified. Talaro - Chapter 09 #37 38. Which type of mutation leads to a frameshift mutation? A. missense B. deletion C. nonsense D. base substitution E. All of the choices are correct. Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #38 39. Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosa lack a functioning A. photolyase. B. DNA polymerase III. C. DNA ligase. D. ribozyme. E. RNA polymerase. Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #39 40. All of the following are products of transcription, except: A. rRNA. B. mRNA. C. DNA. D. tRNA. E. All of the choices are products of transcription. Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. Talaro - Chapter 09 #40 41. If the DNA sequence is ATTCCGGA, the mRNA transcript would be A. TAAGGCCT. B. UAAGGCCU. C. ATTCCGGA. D. GUUAATTG. E. CAAGGUTA. Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. Talaro - Chapter 09 #41 42. In order for a retrovirus to insert itself into the host's DNA, it must do which of the following? A. DNA →DNA B. DNA →RNA C. RNA →RNA D. RNA →DNA E. RNA →protein Learning objective: 09.28 Compare aspects of the genetics of DNA and RNA viruses, using examples. Talaro - Chapter 09 #42 43. All of the following are true about mutations, except: A. they are always detrimental to the organism they occur in. B. they occur in the DNA. C. if not repaired, they become part of the gene pool. D. they may lead to an incorrect protein being made. E. they can create variants in a population. Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Learning objective: 09.21 Compare beneficial and detrimental effects of mutations. Talaro - Chapter 09 #43 44. Individuals with xeroderma pigmentosa cannot repair mutations caused by A. nitrous acid. B. acridine dyes. C. ultraviolet light. D. ethidium bromide. E. bisulfite. Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #44 45. Which of the following is not true about transposons? A. They contain DNA that codes for their own removal and insertion. B. They can move from a chromosome to another chromosome. C. They can move from a chromosome to a plasmid. D. They are rare among prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. E. They can replicate themselves before jumping to the next location. Learning objective: 09.26 Discuss transposons and their importance to microorganisms. Talaro - Chapter 09 #45 46. Transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes. A. in different organelles B. simultaneously C. in the nucleus D. only on the ribosomes Learning objective: 09.13 Distinguish major points of difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation. Talaro - Chapter 09 #46 47. In Griffith’s experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia rough non-encapsulated Streptococci were converted into to smooth encapsulated Streptococci in the presence of the heat killed smooth encapsulated Streptococci. What is the term that describes this process? A. transduction B. conjugation C. transformation D. cloning Learning objective: 09.24 Discuss what is required for bacterial transformation and its outcomes. Talaro - Chapter 09 #47 48. Viruses with DNA for their nucleic acid can have either double-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA. TRUE Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #48 49. An example of epigenetics is when methyl groups attach to certain nucleotides to control transcription. TRUE Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #49 50. A missense mutation can cause no significant alteration in protein functions. TRUE Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #50 51. Transduction utilizes bacteriophages to carry DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell. TRUE Learning objective: 09.25 Identify the basic processes involved in transduction and the end results. Talaro - Chapter 09 #51 52. The smallest unit of heredity is a chromosome. FALSE Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Talaro - Chapter 09 #52 53. In bacteria, initiator tRNA carries formyl methionine. TRUE Learning objective: 09.09 Describe the different types of RNA and their basic functions in genetic expression. Talaro - Chapter 09 #53 54. The on/off switch for transcription in the lactose operon is called the regulator. FALSE Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. Talaro - Chapter 09 #54 55. Lactose is a corepressor in the lac operon. FALSE Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. Talaro - Chapter 09 #55 56. Repressible operons are normally in the on mode in the cell. TRUE Learning objective: 09.16 Describe the main features of repressible operon. Talaro - Chapter 09 #56 57. Induced mutations result from errors in DNA replication. FALSE Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #57 58. DNA photolyase, in the presence of visible light, can repair DNA damage due to ultraviolet radiation. TRUE 59. The is all of the genetic material of a cell. genome Learning objective: 09.20 Describe some mutation repair mechanisms. Talaro - Chapter 09 #58 Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Talaro - Chapter 09 #59 60. Each nucleotide is composed of one phosphate, one 5-carbon , and one base. sugar, nitrogenous Learning objective: 09.03 Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Talaro - Chapter 09 #60 61. Base pairs in DNA are held together by bonds. hydrogen Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Talaro - Chapter 09 #61 62. During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a for synthesis of new DNA strands. template Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #62 63. A nucleosome is a linear chromosome wound around the . histone proteins Learning objective: 09.03 Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. Talaro - Chapter 09 #63 64. Each is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one functional product. gene Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. Talaro - Chapter 09 #64 65. Gene regulation can involve a protein repressor that blocks from initiating transcription. RNA polymerase Learning objective: 09.17 Summarize some features of genetic control by RNA. Talaro - Chapter 09 #65 66. Repressible operons require that a bind to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator. corepressor Learning objective: 09.16 Describe the main features of repressible operon. Talaro - Chapter 09 #66 67. A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called a . mutation Learning objective: 09.18 Define a mutation and explain how mutant forms are identified. Talaro - Chapter 09 #67 68. A screening system called the test is used for detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential. Ames Learning objective: 09.18 Define a mutation and explain how mutant forms are identified. Talaro - Chapter 09 #68 69. Discuss the interrelationship of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the cell. Explain the specific underlying cellular mechanisms of this relationship. Learning objective: 09.07 Present an overview of the main aspects of the flow of genetic information in cells. Talaro - Chapter 09 #69 70. Compare and contrast the components and specific regulatory events of the lac operon and the arg operon. Learning objective: 09.14 Explain the functions of operons in bacterial genetic control. Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. Talaro - Chapter 09 #70 71. Compare and contrast the 3 bacterial gene transfers with DNA recombination. Explain why these are not reproduction, and why they are important to bacterial species. Learning objective: 09.22 Explain recombination in bacteria and what it involves. Talaro - Chapter 09 #71 72. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs is on the increase. Using your knowledge of microbial genetics, discuss at least 2 specific cell mechanisms that would allow development of antimicrobial resistance. Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. Talaro - Chapter 09 #72 73. Compare and contrast the characteristics of genetic material, including its chemical structure, organization, and packaging found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Talaro - Chapter 09 #73 9 Summary Category # of Questions Learning objective: 09.17 Summarize some features of genetic control by RNA. 1 Learning objective: 09.01 Define heredity, genetics, genome, gene, phenotype, and genotype. 5 Learning objective: 09.02 Discuss the basic nature of genetic material in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. 7 Learning objective: 09.03 Explain how DNA is organized and packaged. 4 Learning objective: 09.04 Describe the chemical structure of DNA and its significance. 7 Learning objective: 09.05 List the nitrogen bases and explain their bonding patterns. 3 Learning objective: 09.06 Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells. 9 Learning objective: 09.07 Present an overview of the main aspects of the flow of genetic information in cells. 2 Learning objective: 09.08 Explain the relationship between the structure of DNA and the structure of proteins. 1 Learning objective: 09.09 Describe the different types of RNA and their basic functions in genetic expression. 4 Learning objective: 09.10 Explain what happens during transcription. 5 Learning objective: 09.11 Describe the genetic code, codons, anticodons, and how they relate to one another. 2 Learning objective: 09.12 Relate the participants and steps in translation (protein synthesis). 1 Learning objective: 09.13 Distinguish major points of difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation . 3 Learning objective: 09.14 Explain the functions of operons in bacterial genetic control. 2 Learning objective: 09.15 Describe the main features of the lactose operon and inducible operons. 5 Learning objective: 09.16 Describe the main features of repressible operon. 2 Learning objective: 09.18 Define a mutation and explain how mutant forms are identified. 3 Learning objective: 09.19 Explain the causes and types of mutations and their effects. 8 Learning objective: 09.20 Describe some mutation repair mechanisms. 1 Learning objective: 09.21 Compare beneficial and detrimental effects of mutations. 1 Learning objective: 09.22 Explain recombination in bacteria and what it involves. 1 Learning objective: 09.23 Describe the main features of conjugation and its outcomes. 1 Learning objective: 09.24 Discuss what is required for bacterial transformation and its outcomes. 1 Learning objective: 09.25 Identify the basic processes involved in transduction and the end results. 2 Learning objective: 09.26 Discuss transposons and their importance to microorganisms. 1 Learning objective: 09.27 Explain the major elements of viral genetics. 2 Learning objective: 09.28 Compare aspects of the genetics of DNA and RNA viruses, using examples. 3 Talaro - Chapter 09 73 Show Less