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CHEMISTRY FOR BEGINNERS
INDEX OF PAGES
TOPIC Page No.
PROLOGUE
3
SECTION 1: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 7
CHAPTER 1 MATTER 7
31.1 Definition of Matter 7
1.2 Physical and chemical changes of Matter 8
1.3 What is Chemistry? 8
1.4 Key Concepts 8
CHAPTER 2: THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE ELEMENTS 9
2.1 Classification of Elements 9
2.2 Atoms 12
2.3 More about the Periodic Table 15
2.4 Key Concepts 17
CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, ATOMS AND MOLECULES 19
3.1 Terminology 19
3.2 Key Concepts 21
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 22
4.1 Chemical Energy 22
4.2 Electron Configuration and Orbitals 22
4.3 Key Concepts 26
CHAPTER 5: VALENCE SHELL, VALENCE ELECTRONS AND VALENCY 28
5.1 Valence Shell and valence Electrons 28
5.2 Valency 30
5.3 Key Concepts 31
CHAPTER 6: IONS AND IONIC (ELECTROVALENT) BONDING 32
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6.1 Electron Transfer and Ionisation Energy 32
6.2 Electron Transfer and Electron Affinity 34
6.3 Ionic Bonding 34
6.4 Key Concepts 37
CHAPTER 7: COVALENT BONDING 39
7.1 Electron Sharing and Lewis Structures 39
7.2 The Value of the Periodic Table 41
7.3 Key Concepts 42
CHAPTER 8: WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE 43
8.1 Ionic Compounds 43
8.2 Covalent Compounds 44
8.3 Key Concepts 46
CHAPTER 9: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS 48
9.1 Chemical Reactions, Terminology and Types of Reactions 48
9.2 Reversible Reactions 49
9.3 Balancing Reaction Equations 50
9.4 Key Concepts 52
CHAPTER 10: CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS 54
10.1 Application of Balanced Reaction Equations 54
10.2 The Mole 54
10.3 Atomic Mass and Formula Mass 55
10.4 Key Concepts 59
CHAPTER 11: GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 60
11.1 The Basic Difference between the Three Phases of Matter 60
11.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory 60
11.3 Gases 61
11.4 Liquids 72
11.5 Solids 74
11.6 Key Concepts 75
CHAPTER 12: WATER AND SOLUTIONS 76
12.1 Water 76
12.2 Solutions and Solubility 77
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12.3 Key Concepts 79
CHAPTER 13: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 81
13.1 Introduction 81
13.2 Reaction Rate 81
13.3 Reversible Reactions 82
13.4 Equilibrium Constant 85
13.5 Le Chatelier’s Principle 89
13.6 Factors affecting Equilibrium 89
13.7 Key Concepts 95
CHAPTER 14: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS 96
14.1 Introduction 96
14.2 Acid-Base Theories 96
14.3 Acids 97
14.4 Alkalis and Bases 99
14.5 Protolysis 100
14.6 Salts 101
14.7 Quantitative Analysis 107
14.8 The pH Concept 111
14.9 Key Concepts 115
CHAPTER 15: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 116
15.1 Definitions 116
15.2 Applications of Redox 117
15.3 Key Concepts 118
CHAPTER 16: ELECTROCHEMISTRY 119
16.1 Introduction 119
16.2 Electrolysis and Cells 119
16.3 Applications of Electrochemistry 123
16.4 Key Concepts 125
SECTION 2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 126
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 126
126
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CHEMISTRY FOR BEGINNERS
INDEX OF PAGES
TOPIC Page No.
PROLOGUE
3
SECTION 1: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 7
CHAPTER 1 MATTER 7
31.1 Definition of Matter 7
1.2 Physical and chemical changes of Matter 8
1.3 What is Chemistry? 8
1.4 Key Concepts 8
CHAPTER 2: THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE ELEMENTS 9
2.1 Classification of Elements 9
2.2 Atoms 12
2.3 More about the Periodic Table 15
2.4 Key Concepts 17
CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, ATOMS AND MOLECULES 19
3.1 Terminology 19
3.2 Key Concepts 21
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 22
4.1 Chemical Energy 22
4.2 Electron Configuration and Orbitals 22
4.3 Key Concepts 26
CHAPTER 5: VALENCE SHELL, VALENCE ELECTRONS AND VALENCY 28
5.1 Valence Shell and valence Electrons 28
5.2 Valency 30
5.3 Key Concepts 31
CHAPTER 6: IONS AND IONIC (ELECTROVALENT) BONDING 32
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6.1 Electron Transfer and Ionisation Energy 32
6.2 Electron Transfer and Electron Affinity 34
6.3 Ionic Bonding 34
6.4 Key Concepts 37
CHAPTER 7: COVALENT BONDING 39
7.1 Electron Sharing and Lewis Structures 39
7.2 The Value of the Periodic Table 41
7.3 Key Concepts 42
CHAPTER 8: WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE 43
8.1 Ionic Compounds 43
8.2 Covalent Compounds 44
8.3 Key Concepts 46
CHAPTER 9: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS 48
9.1 Chemical Reactions, Terminology and Types of Reactions 48
9.2 Reversible Reactions 49
9.3 Balancing Reaction Equations 50
9.4 Key Concepts 52
CHAPTER 10: CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS 54
10.1 Application of Balanced Reaction Equations 54
10.2 The Mole 54
10.3 Atomic Mass and Formula Mass 55
10.4 Key Concepts 59
CHAPTER 11: GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 60
11.1 The Basic Difference between the Three Phases of Matter 60
11.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory 60
11.3 Gases 61
11.4 Liquids 72
11.5 Solids 74
11.6 Key Concepts 75
CHAPTER 12: WATER AND SOLUTIONS 76
12.1 Water 76
12.2 Solutions and Solubility 77
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12.3 Key Concepts 79
CHAPTER 13: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 81
13.1 Introduction 81
13.2 Reaction Rate 81
13.3 Reversible Reactions 82
13.4 Equilibrium Constant 85
13.5 Le Chatelier’s Principle 89
13.6 Factors affecting Equilibrium 89
13.7 Key Concepts 95
CHAPTER 14: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS 96
14.1 Introduction 96
14.2 Acid-Base Theories 96
14.3 Acids 97
14.4 Alkalis and Bases 99
14.5 Protolysis 100
14.6 Salts 101
14.7 Quantitative Analysis 107
14.8 The pH Concept 111
14.9 Key Concepts 115
CHAPTER 15: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION 116
15.1 Definitions 116
15.2 Applications of Redox 117
15.3 Key Concepts 118
CHAPTER 16: ELECTROCHEMISTRY 119
16.1 Introduction 119
16.2 Electrolysis and Cells 119
16.3 Applications of Electrochemistry 123
16.4 Key Concepts 125
SECTION 2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 126
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 126
126
