Biol 235 Quiz 2 Exam.

Biol 235 Quiz 2 Exam. The relationship between these muscles when bowing you head is C) The sternocleidomastoid is the prime mover and the splenius cervicis is the antagonist. The principle muscles that are primarily responsible for causing a given action about a joint are referred to as the agonist muscles or the prime movers. The muscle that opposes that movement and returns the body part to the original position is called the antagonist muscle. A muscle which stabilizes a joint around which the movement is occurring and can assist in creating movement is known as a synergist muscle. 5. Know ab muscles from superficial to deep - orders of abdominal muscles from superficial to deep - external oblique muscles form the superficial layer, while the internal oblique muscles form the middle layer, and the transverses abdominus forms the deepest layer. 6. Origin - the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone. 7. Insertion– know the insertion - the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone. 8. What are the actions of the deltoid? deltoid movements on arm – flexion and extension (posterior fibers), abduction of shoulder (all fibers), intermediate fibers stabilize the head of the humerus - Lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fi bers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint. 9. What muscles are involved in forceful breathing? - Forced or labored breathing involves the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles to lift the upper rib cage even more than in normal breathing. By lifting the upper portion of the rib cage the action of the intercostals is magnified. Forced exhalation employs the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles. - type of neuron circuit for breathing – a reverberating circuit controls respiration Among the body responses thought to be the result of output signals from reverberating circuits are breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up, and short-term memory. It helps with breathing by lengthening output signal Be able to identify the reverberating circuit using the diagram 10. What are the sensory, motor, and integrative functions in the nervous system? Know definitions of each  Sensory function - Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli, such as an increase in blood pressure, or external stimuli (for example, a raindrop landing on your arm). This sensory information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves.  Integrative function - The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses—an activity known as integration.  Motor function - Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves. Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete. 11. Identify Ependymal cells and Astrocytes on the diagram of neuroglia, they produce cerebrospinal fluid - Ependymal cells are cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia. These cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord). Function - ependymal cells produce, possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. They also form the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. 12. Define a synapse and know where it occurs 13. Define a bipolar neuron and be able to identify a drawing of it bipolar neuron - Bipolar neurons have one main dendrite and one axon. They are found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area of the brain. 14. Define a polarized cell - A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be polarized. Most body cells are polarized; the membrane potential varies from _5 mV to _100 mV in different types of cells. 15. How does the nervous system distinguish between a light touch and a heavy touch? Frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers is changing 16. What are the three ways a neurotransmitter is removed or depleted (1) destruction of the neurotransmitter by degradative enzymes (2) diffusion of the neurotransmitter away from the post-synaptic receptors; (3) reuptake of the neurotransmitter either by the pre-synaptic terminal or by other cells. 17. Where is cerebrospinal fluid found in the CNS - The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It fills the ventricles of the brain, cisterns, and sulci, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. 18. Know function and location of anterior gray horn inside spinal cord. ID on a photo of the tissue, not the drawn diagram - the anterior horn contains cell bodies of alpha motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement. - The anterior gray horns contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons and motor nuclei that are responsible for the nerve impulses for skeletal muscle contraction. 19. Know characteristics and function of dermatomes - The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve is called a dermatome. The nerve supply in adjacent dermatomes overlaps somewhat. - Knowing which spinal cord segments supply each dermatome makes it possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord. 20. Know definition and function of rami communicantes and what would happen if it was damaged Rami communicantes - Branches of a spinal nerve that are components of the autonomic nervous system. Singular is ramus communicans - white rami communicantes contain myelinated preganglionic axons; gray rami communicantes contain unmyelinated postganglionic axons. - the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons pass into the anterior root of a spinal nerve and enter a short pathway called a white ramus before passing to the nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion on the same side. Collectively, the white rami are called the white rami communicantes. Thus, white rami communicantes are structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. The “white” in their name indicates that they contain myelinated axons. Only the thoracic and first two or three lumbar nerves have white rami communicantes. - gray rami communicantes are structures containing sympathetic postganglionic axons that connect the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves (see Figure 15.4). The “gray” in their name indicates that they contain unmyelinated axons. Gray rami communicantes outnumber the white rami because there is a gray ramus leading to each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The axons of the postganglionic neurons that leave the sympathetic trunk to enter spinal nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the visceral effectors in the skin of the neck, trunk, and limbs, including sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, and arrector pili muscles of hair follicles. 21. Know steps of stretch reflex in order Steps in order of a stretch reflex