PHM 325 FINAL EXAM
PART 1 – Principles of Drug Interactions & Adverse Drug Reactions, Monitoring & Evaluating
Drug Therapy
PART 2 – Drug Information Resources
PART 3 – Identifying & Addressing MTPs, Documentation
PART 4 – Complementary and Altrrnative Medicine, Principles of Self Care
PART 1
Any hazard or incident associated with medications is a(n):
- medication misadventure
Any untoward medical occurence associated with the use of drugs in humans is a(n):
- adverse drug event (ADE)
(T/F) Most adverse drug events are caused by medication errors.
- False
Adverse drug events describe harm caused by:
- the drug (directly), and from the use of the drug
Any adverse event for which there is a reasonable possibility that the drug caused the adverse
event is a(n):
- adverse drug reaction (ADR)
What’s the difference between an ADR and an ADE?
,- an ADE is not always caused directly by the drug, whereas there is a causal link between a
drug and an ADR
What patient-related variables affect the incidence/severity of ADE's?
-age (extremes of age)
-diseases
-genetics
What drug-related variables affect the incidence/severity of ADE's?
-route of administration
-formulation
-duration (prolonged duration --> GI toxicity)
Describe a minor ADE
-no antidote/therapy/longer hospital stay needed
Describe a moderate ADE
-requires change of therapy or treatment
-increase in hospital stay ≥1 day
Describe a severe ADE
-life-threatening, causing permanent damage, and/or requiring intensive care
Describe a lethal ADE
- death
Where do most indiosyncrasy reactions occur?
- the skin
,What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
- uncharacteristic response of a patient to a drug that does not usually occur on
administration
(T/F) Hypersensitivity reactions are typically attributed to the pharmacodynamics of a drug
- False - they are not explained by the pharmacology of the drug
Hypersensitivity reactions are dose ________ (independent / dependent)
- independent
What is a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? what cells does it involve? what do those cells
release?
-anaphylactic
-involves mast cells
-release of histamine, leukotriene, platelet activating factor
-IgE mediated
Why is it unlikely that a first time exposure will cause a hypersensitivity reaction because:
- the immune system needs time to produce antibodies
What is the timeframe of Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
- minutes to an hour
What is a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? what is it mediated by?
-cytotoxic
-mediated by IgG and IgM
How do Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions present?
, -pruritus (itching)
-bronchospasm
-respiratory distress
-larynged edema
-circulatory collapse death (10%)
General hypersensitivity reaction symptoms:
-rash
-angioedema
-serum sickness
-anaphylaxis
-asthma
(T/F) Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are the most common.
- F - they are rare
How do Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions present?
-hemolytic anemia
-thrombocytopenia
-granulocytopenia
What is the timeframe for Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
- occur after 7 days
What are Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions? what are they mediated by?
-complex mediated / "serum sickness"
-IgG and IgM mediated
How do Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions present?
PART 1 – Principles of Drug Interactions & Adverse Drug Reactions, Monitoring & Evaluating
Drug Therapy
PART 2 – Drug Information Resources
PART 3 – Identifying & Addressing MTPs, Documentation
PART 4 – Complementary and Altrrnative Medicine, Principles of Self Care
PART 1
Any hazard or incident associated with medications is a(n):
- medication misadventure
Any untoward medical occurence associated with the use of drugs in humans is a(n):
- adverse drug event (ADE)
(T/F) Most adverse drug events are caused by medication errors.
- False
Adverse drug events describe harm caused by:
- the drug (directly), and from the use of the drug
Any adverse event for which there is a reasonable possibility that the drug caused the adverse
event is a(n):
- adverse drug reaction (ADR)
What’s the difference between an ADR and an ADE?
,- an ADE is not always caused directly by the drug, whereas there is a causal link between a
drug and an ADR
What patient-related variables affect the incidence/severity of ADE's?
-age (extremes of age)
-diseases
-genetics
What drug-related variables affect the incidence/severity of ADE's?
-route of administration
-formulation
-duration (prolonged duration --> GI toxicity)
Describe a minor ADE
-no antidote/therapy/longer hospital stay needed
Describe a moderate ADE
-requires change of therapy or treatment
-increase in hospital stay ≥1 day
Describe a severe ADE
-life-threatening, causing permanent damage, and/or requiring intensive care
Describe a lethal ADE
- death
Where do most indiosyncrasy reactions occur?
- the skin
,What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
- uncharacteristic response of a patient to a drug that does not usually occur on
administration
(T/F) Hypersensitivity reactions are typically attributed to the pharmacodynamics of a drug
- False - they are not explained by the pharmacology of the drug
Hypersensitivity reactions are dose ________ (independent / dependent)
- independent
What is a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? what cells does it involve? what do those cells
release?
-anaphylactic
-involves mast cells
-release of histamine, leukotriene, platelet activating factor
-IgE mediated
Why is it unlikely that a first time exposure will cause a hypersensitivity reaction because:
- the immune system needs time to produce antibodies
What is the timeframe of Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
- minutes to an hour
What is a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? what is it mediated by?
-cytotoxic
-mediated by IgG and IgM
How do Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions present?
, -pruritus (itching)
-bronchospasm
-respiratory distress
-larynged edema
-circulatory collapse death (10%)
General hypersensitivity reaction symptoms:
-rash
-angioedema
-serum sickness
-anaphylaxis
-asthma
(T/F) Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are the most common.
- F - they are rare
How do Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions present?
-hemolytic anemia
-thrombocytopenia
-granulocytopenia
What is the timeframe for Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
- occur after 7 days
What are Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions? what are they mediated by?
-complex mediated / "serum sickness"
-IgG and IgM mediated
How do Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions present?
