Nursing Research – Lecture 3. Experimental
INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE FINDS ANSWER THE QUESTIONS WHO,
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS WHAT WHEN, WHERE AND HOW.
Good: a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry varying in ➢ This type of research describes a situation or a
technique and method according to the natures and given state of affairs in terms of specified
conditions of the problem identified, directed toward aspects or factors. What may be described are:
clarification and resolution of the problem. A. characteristics of individuals or groups
(students, nurses, administrators, patients,
DEFINITION BY AQUINO etc.) or
➢ Simply the systematic search for pertinent B. physical environment (schools, business
information on a specific topic or problem. establishments, hospitals, cooperatives,
etc.) or
DEFINITION BY TREECE & TREECE C. conditions (epidemic, calamities, leadership
➢ in its broadest sense is an attempt to gain styles, anxiety levels, productivity, etc.) Ex.
solutions to the problem. • The Medicinal components of five kinds of
Philippine backyard plants.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH • Smoking habits of health service providers in
1. It helps us answer questions, solve problems & government and private hospitals.
make decisions
2. It enable us to see and understand how & why a 2. EXPLORATORY
situation or problem exists ➢ is designed to describe an existing problem
3. It helps us discover new things and ideas. situation and examine the underlying factors
4. It allows us to validate existing theories or that contribute to the emergence of the
generate new ones problem, the nature of which is not yet well
5. It helps us identify and understand the causes & known
effects of a situation Ex.
• Domestic Violence: Ideas, Experiences, and
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF Needs of Married Working Men in the City of
LIFE. Bacolod.
• Menopause: Working Women’s Perceptions
Experiences and Coping Strategies
3. EXPERIMENTAL OR INTERVENTION RESEARCH
➢ Evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular
intervention or treatment. It studies the “cause
and effect” relationship between certain
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH factors on a certain phenomenon under
1. It is systematic controlled conditions.
2. It is empirical ➢ The subjects of the study are randomly
3. It requires courage assigned to the experimental group and to the
4. It is done by experts control group and both groups are exposed to
5. It employs hypothesis similar conditions except for the
intervention/treatment.
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH Ex.
A. According to Level of Investigation • The Effects of Flexible Learning Approach on the
1. Descriptive Performance Liceo Students
2. Exploratory
1
, • The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain EXAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Reaction of Selected Post-Operative Patients. The Socioeconomic Profile of Households in Victorias
City Communities in the Province of Negros Occidental
B. According to Purpose Health Seeking Behavior and Health Status of Residents
1. Basic of Sagay City.
2. Applied
BARRIERS TO RESEARCH
b.1. PURE/BASIC – attempts to describe an existing 1. Lack of Interest (attitude)
situation and/or explain certain patterns of behavior 2. Financial Constraint (Money)
using either or both qualitative research techniques. 3. Lack of resources (references, respondents,
➢ GOAL – is to offer better descriptions and better equipment, writing materials, inks)
explanation of human behavior. 4. Lack of time
➢ INTENTION – is to accumulate knowledge about 5. Human Subjects (afraid to violate human rights)
a certain phenomenon. 6. Lack of knowledge and skill
7. Lack of cooperation and support from others
b.2. APPLIED RESEARCH
➢ Aims to see an immediate solution to a problem II. NURSING RESEARCH
(Pure research – for formulation or the ➢ Past, Present and Future of Nursing Research
refinement of theory.)
➢ It had grown a lot because of the many health
questions that had been answered.
C. According to Type of Data
➢ It provided the nursing professional a sound
1. Quantitative base of knowledge for nursing practice
2. Qualitative ➢ Its limitations are: many answers were not
utilized by nurses and many health questions
1. QUALITATIVE – emphasizes verbal descriptions remain unanswered.
and explanations of human behavior and practices in
an attempt to understand how the units or members of 2. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH.
the study population experience or explain their own
world.
by Polit & Hungler - A systematic search for knowledge
➢ To gather information: the researcher makes
about issues of impotence to the nursing profession.
use of one or a combination of the following
techniques:
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH TO NURSING
a. participant observation
1. Professionalism - provide quality care
b. key informant interview
2. Accountability - research minded nurses are
c. focus group discussion
professionally accountable
d. direct observation
3. Social Relevance – proper documentation of
e. indepth analysis of a single case. care
4. Decision-making - tool in providing care
2. QUANTITATIVE - Seeks to quantify or reflect in
numbers the observations on the characteristics of any
population being studied.
- measures a no. of respondents or objects
possessing a particular characteristics
- emphasizes precise measurement and
oftentimes requires “statistical analysis of data or the
testing of hypotheses based on a sample of
observations.
2
, NURSING ROLES IN RESEARCH ➢ MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS ACCDG. TO DIFFERENT
Consumer → Producer Continuum RESEARCHERS:
Consumer – those who read research reports only to A. Freedom from harm - study participants must
update themselves not be harmed by:
Producer – those who actually do research a. Physical (e.g. injury, fatigue)
b. Psychological (e.g. stress, fear)
3. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH c. Social (loss of friends)
d. Economic (e.g. loss of wages)
PHILIPPINE SETTING
➢ researches should strive to minimize all types of
1935 – 1960 – most researches were on:
harm and discomfort and to achieve balance
• Nursing Administration between potential benefits → risk of being a
• Nursing Education participant.
• Patient Care e.g: clearly, exposing study participants to
• Related Studies experiences that result in serious or
permanent harm is unacceptable
1859
➢ it was started by Florence Nightingale. ➢ RESEARCH SAMPLE OF RISK REDUCTION Varda
She published notes on nursing which and Behnke (2000) studied the effect of the timing of
➢ recorded soldiers morbidity and mortality an initial bath (1 hr vs. 2 hrs after birth) on newborn
during the Crimean War temperature.
1900 -1940 – Goldmark Report (In 1920 a study funded by To minimize risks, the researchers excluded all
the Rockefeller Foundation and known as the Goldmark conditions (e.g. infection, fetal distress, hypoglycemia)
Report recommended that schools of nursing be that could predispose them to temperature instability.
independent of hospitals and that students no longer be B. Freedom from Exploitation - Involvement in
exploited as cheap labor. the research study should not place
Following the publication of this report, several university
participants at a disadvantage or expose
schools of nursing were opened.
them to situations for which they have not
American Journal of Nursing.
been prepared.
a. e.g: patient’s consent to participate
1950 – Nursing Research
in the study may result from their
understanding of the researcher’s
1960 – terms like nursing process, theory, model were
role as a nurse, not as a researcher.
made popular
BENEFITS FROM RESEARCH
1980 – widespread use of computers
➢ People agree to participate in research for a
1990 – present – more nurses were involved in research number of reasons: 1. some direct personal
benefits
4. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH 2. benefits to society in general or to other
➢ Due to unethical researches in the past Code of individuals
Ethics had been developed. 3. out of the desire to be helpful
➢ Belmont Report – the most popular one that
contain: In evaluating the anticipated risk/benefit ratio of a
1. Principle of Beneficence study design, researchers might want to consider how
2. Principle of Respect for Human Dignity comfortable they would feel if their own family
3. Principle of Justice members were participating in the study.
PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE MINIMAL RISK
➢ Encompasses the Maxim: Above all do no harm ➢ DEFINED as the risk anticipated to be no greater
(Ethical principle 2 of the ANA guidelines than those ordinarily encountered in daily life
addresses beneficence)
3
INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE FINDS ANSWER THE QUESTIONS WHO,
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS WHAT WHEN, WHERE AND HOW.
Good: a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry varying in ➢ This type of research describes a situation or a
technique and method according to the natures and given state of affairs in terms of specified
conditions of the problem identified, directed toward aspects or factors. What may be described are:
clarification and resolution of the problem. A. characteristics of individuals or groups
(students, nurses, administrators, patients,
DEFINITION BY AQUINO etc.) or
➢ Simply the systematic search for pertinent B. physical environment (schools, business
information on a specific topic or problem. establishments, hospitals, cooperatives,
etc.) or
DEFINITION BY TREECE & TREECE C. conditions (epidemic, calamities, leadership
➢ in its broadest sense is an attempt to gain styles, anxiety levels, productivity, etc.) Ex.
solutions to the problem. • The Medicinal components of five kinds of
Philippine backyard plants.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH • Smoking habits of health service providers in
1. It helps us answer questions, solve problems & government and private hospitals.
make decisions
2. It enable us to see and understand how & why a 2. EXPLORATORY
situation or problem exists ➢ is designed to describe an existing problem
3. It helps us discover new things and ideas. situation and examine the underlying factors
4. It allows us to validate existing theories or that contribute to the emergence of the
generate new ones problem, the nature of which is not yet well
5. It helps us identify and understand the causes & known
effects of a situation Ex.
• Domestic Violence: Ideas, Experiences, and
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF Needs of Married Working Men in the City of
LIFE. Bacolod.
• Menopause: Working Women’s Perceptions
Experiences and Coping Strategies
3. EXPERIMENTAL OR INTERVENTION RESEARCH
➢ Evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular
intervention or treatment. It studies the “cause
and effect” relationship between certain
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH factors on a certain phenomenon under
1. It is systematic controlled conditions.
2. It is empirical ➢ The subjects of the study are randomly
3. It requires courage assigned to the experimental group and to the
4. It is done by experts control group and both groups are exposed to
5. It employs hypothesis similar conditions except for the
intervention/treatment.
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH Ex.
A. According to Level of Investigation • The Effects of Flexible Learning Approach on the
1. Descriptive Performance Liceo Students
2. Exploratory
1
, • The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain EXAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Reaction of Selected Post-Operative Patients. The Socioeconomic Profile of Households in Victorias
City Communities in the Province of Negros Occidental
B. According to Purpose Health Seeking Behavior and Health Status of Residents
1. Basic of Sagay City.
2. Applied
BARRIERS TO RESEARCH
b.1. PURE/BASIC – attempts to describe an existing 1. Lack of Interest (attitude)
situation and/or explain certain patterns of behavior 2. Financial Constraint (Money)
using either or both qualitative research techniques. 3. Lack of resources (references, respondents,
➢ GOAL – is to offer better descriptions and better equipment, writing materials, inks)
explanation of human behavior. 4. Lack of time
➢ INTENTION – is to accumulate knowledge about 5. Human Subjects (afraid to violate human rights)
a certain phenomenon. 6. Lack of knowledge and skill
7. Lack of cooperation and support from others
b.2. APPLIED RESEARCH
➢ Aims to see an immediate solution to a problem II. NURSING RESEARCH
(Pure research – for formulation or the ➢ Past, Present and Future of Nursing Research
refinement of theory.)
➢ It had grown a lot because of the many health
questions that had been answered.
C. According to Type of Data
➢ It provided the nursing professional a sound
1. Quantitative base of knowledge for nursing practice
2. Qualitative ➢ Its limitations are: many answers were not
utilized by nurses and many health questions
1. QUALITATIVE – emphasizes verbal descriptions remain unanswered.
and explanations of human behavior and practices in
an attempt to understand how the units or members of 2. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH.
the study population experience or explain their own
world.
by Polit & Hungler - A systematic search for knowledge
➢ To gather information: the researcher makes
about issues of impotence to the nursing profession.
use of one or a combination of the following
techniques:
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH TO NURSING
a. participant observation
1. Professionalism - provide quality care
b. key informant interview
2. Accountability - research minded nurses are
c. focus group discussion
professionally accountable
d. direct observation
3. Social Relevance – proper documentation of
e. indepth analysis of a single case. care
4. Decision-making - tool in providing care
2. QUANTITATIVE - Seeks to quantify or reflect in
numbers the observations on the characteristics of any
population being studied.
- measures a no. of respondents or objects
possessing a particular characteristics
- emphasizes precise measurement and
oftentimes requires “statistical analysis of data or the
testing of hypotheses based on a sample of
observations.
2
, NURSING ROLES IN RESEARCH ➢ MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS ACCDG. TO DIFFERENT
Consumer → Producer Continuum RESEARCHERS:
Consumer – those who read research reports only to A. Freedom from harm - study participants must
update themselves not be harmed by:
Producer – those who actually do research a. Physical (e.g. injury, fatigue)
b. Psychological (e.g. stress, fear)
3. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH c. Social (loss of friends)
d. Economic (e.g. loss of wages)
PHILIPPINE SETTING
➢ researches should strive to minimize all types of
1935 – 1960 – most researches were on:
harm and discomfort and to achieve balance
• Nursing Administration between potential benefits → risk of being a
• Nursing Education participant.
• Patient Care e.g: clearly, exposing study participants to
• Related Studies experiences that result in serious or
permanent harm is unacceptable
1859
➢ it was started by Florence Nightingale. ➢ RESEARCH SAMPLE OF RISK REDUCTION Varda
She published notes on nursing which and Behnke (2000) studied the effect of the timing of
➢ recorded soldiers morbidity and mortality an initial bath (1 hr vs. 2 hrs after birth) on newborn
during the Crimean War temperature.
1900 -1940 – Goldmark Report (In 1920 a study funded by To minimize risks, the researchers excluded all
the Rockefeller Foundation and known as the Goldmark conditions (e.g. infection, fetal distress, hypoglycemia)
Report recommended that schools of nursing be that could predispose them to temperature instability.
independent of hospitals and that students no longer be B. Freedom from Exploitation - Involvement in
exploited as cheap labor. the research study should not place
Following the publication of this report, several university
participants at a disadvantage or expose
schools of nursing were opened.
them to situations for which they have not
American Journal of Nursing.
been prepared.
a. e.g: patient’s consent to participate
1950 – Nursing Research
in the study may result from their
understanding of the researcher’s
1960 – terms like nursing process, theory, model were
role as a nurse, not as a researcher.
made popular
BENEFITS FROM RESEARCH
1980 – widespread use of computers
➢ People agree to participate in research for a
1990 – present – more nurses were involved in research number of reasons: 1. some direct personal
benefits
4. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH 2. benefits to society in general or to other
➢ Due to unethical researches in the past Code of individuals
Ethics had been developed. 3. out of the desire to be helpful
➢ Belmont Report – the most popular one that
contain: In evaluating the anticipated risk/benefit ratio of a
1. Principle of Beneficence study design, researchers might want to consider how
2. Principle of Respect for Human Dignity comfortable they would feel if their own family
3. Principle of Justice members were participating in the study.
PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE MINIMAL RISK
➢ Encompasses the Maxim: Above all do no harm ➢ DEFINED as the risk anticipated to be no greater
(Ethical principle 2 of the ANA guidelines than those ordinarily encountered in daily life
addresses beneficence)
3
