EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MARTIN CAON

Pref ace Two thousand multiple choice questions that could be asked of a student of introductory human anatomy and physiology are presented in 40 categories. It is assumed that users of these questions are teachers or students who have completed at least part of an anatomy and physiology course that might be offered in the fi rst year of a university degree programme. It is also assumed that they would have access to one of the anatomy and physiology textbooks (or similar) listed in the bibliography below. Each category has an Introduction containing a summary of useful knowledge pertinent to that category of question. However not all possible information is provided within these Introductions, so a textbook is indispensable. The summary Introductions are composed with vocabulary that may be unfamiliar to the beginning student but which should be known in order to understand the questions. You will need to look up the meaning of many unfamiliar words as your studies progress. All questions have been used at least once, during the author’s teaching career, in end of semester examinations of a university fi rst year undergraduate introductory anatomy and physiology course or a physical science course for health science students to support their anatomy and physiology study. Consequently they refl ect the author’s choice of content. Students enrolled in the courses for which these questions were written include nursing, midwifery, paramedic, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nutrition and dietetics, health science students, exercise science students and students taking the course as an elective. Often, the students did not have an extensive background in science from their secondary schooling. Some knowledge of physical science is required to understand physiology; hence, physical science questions are included. Students without some background knowledge in chemistry and physics will fi nd such questions challenging and will need to work a little harder to develop their background knowledge. The boundary between chemistry and biochemistry is not distinct; nevertheless, chemistry is implicit in physiology. Furthermore, the physics of the body becomes physiology so gradually that sometimes the boundary between the two is only noticed after it has been crossed. Some questions were diffi cult to categorise and may span two (or more) categories. Furthermore, in order to answer some questions, you may need knowledge drawn from other “sections” of anatomy different from the name of the section in vi which the question appears. This is not a bad thing as it emphasises the connected nature of human anatomy and physiology. Each question is unique (there are no duplicates). However, many questions will be examining the same (or similar) material albeit with a differently worded question or different choice of answers. If the questions are to be used to compile an examination, then care should be taken to exclude questions that are too similar to already selected ones. On the other hand, if the questions are to be used for instruction or study purposes, I would suggest including several similar questions in consecutive order to emphasise the point and to give the student practice. Advice to the Exam Candidate The correct choice of answer for each question is provided. Accompanying the correct choice is a justifi cation for the choice or an explanation of the correct answer and sometimes of why the other choices are incorrect. The degree of diffi culty varies, but not by intentional design. The perception of diffi culty depends on that part of science that the question examines, the level of scientifi c background brought to the course by the student and their level of studious preparation for the examination. There is only one best correct answer for each of the multiple choice questions among the four choices presented. However, there may be more than one correct answer. You must choose the best one. In an examination, never leave a question unanswered. If you cannot decide on an answer, guess at it (after eliminating any choices that you deem to be incorrect). That is, you will be rewarded for the ability to decrease the number of choices from which you are guessing, from 4 to 3 or 2. In marking multiple choice questions, I suggest that that one mark be allocated for a correct answer and that a quarter of a mark be deducted for a wrong answer or an unanswered question. Deducting a quarter mark will reduce the score that would be gained by selecting an answer from the four choices purely at random (i.e. guessing), from about 25 % to about 6 %. Not to deduct a quarter mark is, in my opinion, unsound. Be aware of questions that are asked in the negative. That is, those that have NOT true; or FALSE; or INCORRECT; or EXCEPT one, in the stem. In this case you are seeking a statement that is wrong in order to answer the question. Do not be intimidated by arithmetical calculations. The calculation itself will be simple. Deciding what to add, multiply or divide with what, is the tricky part. Some questions have been paraphrased from those published in the third edition of the book Human Science: Matter and Energy in the Human Body (Caon, M., & Hickman, R. (2003), Crawford House Australia Publishing, Belair South Australia), and are used with the authors’ permission. Bedford Park, SA, Australia Martin Caon Preface vii Bibliography Textbooks suitable for use in an introductory anatomy and physiology course. Later editions may exist, and earlier editions will suffi ce: Caon, M. & Hickman, R. (2003) Human Science: Matter and Energy in the Human Body 3rd ed, Crawford House Australia Publishing, Belair South Australia. ISBN 2 Marieb, E.N & Hoehn K.N. (2015) Human Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed, Pearson Martini, F.H., Nath, J.L. & Bartholomew, E. F. (2015) Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed, Pearson McKinley, M.P. Oloughlin, V.D. & Bidle T.S. (2013) Anatomy & Physiology An Integrative Approach, McGraw Hill Patton, K.T. & Thibodeau, G.A. (2016) Anatomy & Physiology 9th ed, Elsevier Saladin, K.S. (2012) Anatomy & Physiology: The unity of form and function 6th ed, McGraw Hill Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. (2012) Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 13th ed, Wiley Van De Graff, K.M. & Fox, S.I. (1999) Concepts of human Anatomy & Physiology 5th ed, WCB VanPutte, C. Regan, A. Russo, A. & Seeley, R. (2016?) Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology 11th ed, McGraw Hill Preface ix Contents 1 Organisation of the Body ........................................................................ 1 2 Cells and Tissues ..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Cells and Tissues ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Cell Cycle (Mitosis and Protein Synthesis) ................................... 27 3 Measurement, Errors and Data ............................................................. 35 4 Chemistry for Physiology ....................................................................... 43 4.1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................... 43 4.2 Solutions ........................................................................................ 52 4.3 Diffusion and Osmosis ................................................................... 61 4.4 Tonicity, Moles and Osmoles ......................................................... 69 4.5 Acids, Bases and Buffers ............................................................... 79 4.6 Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules ...................................... 93 5 Integument ............................................................................................... 105 6 Homeostasis ............................................................................................. 119 7 Skeleton and Joints ................................................................................. 125 8 Muscles ..................................................................................................... 143 9 Gastro-Intestinal System ........................................................................ 161 10 Endocrine System .................................................................................... 191 11 Renal System ........................................................................................... 211 12 Cardiovascular System ........................................................................... 237 12.1 Blood .............................................................................................. 237 12.2 Heart .............................................................................................. 250 12.3 Blood Vessels ................................................................................. 262 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure ................................................. 274 x 12.5 Pressure Applied to the Cardiovascular System ............................ 286 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control ...................................................... 297 13 Respiratory System ................................................................................. 315 13.1 Anatomy and Physiology ............................................................... 315 13.2 Pressure Applied to the Respiratory System ................................. 335 14 Nervous System ....................................................................................... 347 14.1 Cells and Action Potential ............................................................. 347 14.2 Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy .................................................... 360 14.3 Autonomic System, Neurotransmitters, Refl exes .......................... 377 14.4 Special Senses (Eye & Ear) ........................................................... 389 14.4.1 Eye ................................................................................... 389 14.4.2 Ear .................................................................................... 397 15 Reproductive System .............................................................................. 405