Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Gastritis is caused by ingestion of irritating substances such as alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS,
consequence of viral, bacterial, or autoimmune diseases.
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left untreated?
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (contents of the stomach coming up)
Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter, which
causes inflammation of stomach and small intestine.
Causes: any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal
pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoke, pregnancy, anatomic
features (ex. hiatal hernia)
Symptoms: Heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia
Complications: Barret Esophagus (columnar tissue replaces normal squamous epithelium of the
distal esophagus), progression can lead to ulceration or fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures,
ppapillo
pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages)
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic use. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition?
It’s disorders of the upper GI tract caused by action of acid and pepsin.
H. Pylori which is a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation. It thrives in
acidic conditions, slows rate of ulcer healing, high rate of reoccurrence, clearance of H. Pylori
promotes ulcer healing.
Signs and symptoms: epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food, especially
dairy or antacids, pain of ulcers usually occurs on an empty stomach. Life threatening
complications can also include GI bleeding.
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it can
be treated?
It is acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain,
fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
Caused by Clostridium difficile and mediated by bacterial toxins.
Treatment: stop current antibiotic if possible, treat ischemia, treat contributing conditions, oral
antibiotics such as metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant, but reoccurrence is common.
5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their causes such as Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa of the rectum and colon which
causes large ulcers. Begins as inflammation at base of crypts of Lieberkühn and damage results,
then abscess formation in crypts and abscesses begin to develop in epithelium.
Crohn disease: AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis. Cause is unknown.
This study source was downloaded by 100000824189183 from CourseHero.com on 02-23-2022 05:06:13 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73982980/Patho-Exam-2-Study-Guidedocx/
, Celiac Disease: caused by bacterial overgrowth of large intestine produces fermentation that
damage mucosa. Mucosa of small intestine atrophies resulting in malabsorption along with B12
and folic acid deficiency. It’s also prevalent in equatorial countries, adults more than children.
6. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
Signs and Symptoms: periumbilical pain, RLQ pain (McBurney’s point), nausea, vomiting, fever,
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systematic signs of inflammation, rebound tenderness (pain).
Should be assessed with an ultrasound or using McBurney’s point
7. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel obstructions
versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
o Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel, but most common in small
intestine.
o Function obstruction: conditions that inhibit/impairs peristalsis
o Mechanical obstruction: adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus (twisting in
blocking of the intestines), and intussusception, blocking
8. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease?
Signs and Symptoms: jaundice (yellow), anemia, jerking motions, tremors, and decreased
clotting, increasing levels of ammonia (unresponsive, ,
End stage liver disease: Cirrhosis (can be caused from Tylenol use, alcohol use)
9. Review signs and symptoms of gallstones. Review the three phases that contribute to gallstone
formation
Signs and symptoms: back pain, RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting
1. supersaturation of cholesterols formed in the liver
2. nucleation of cholesterol and bile salts
3. growth of the gallstones from the crystalline sludge in the gallbladder.
10. Review signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. What are some causes to this condition?
Signs and symptoms: epigastric pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, upper portion
Causes: Alcohol consumption, about 2/3s of all cases
11. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders?
Function: maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, excretion(ridding body of in (red blood
cells).
What can take place of kidney: Dialysis – filters the blood, sometimes patients may not be a
canident for a new kidney
Assessed by urinalysis, KUB scan, renogram/renal scan, ultrasonography, CT/MRI, BUN,
creatinine, physical assessment, GFR – should be high, CBA tenderness
12. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition?
A genetic disorder in which numerous fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidney. Can impair kidney
function
This study source was downloaded by 100000824189183 from CourseHero.com on 02-23-2022 05:06:13 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73982980/Patho-Exam-2-Study-Guidedocx/
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Gastritis is caused by ingestion of irritating substances such as alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS,
consequence of viral, bacterial, or autoimmune diseases.
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left untreated?
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (contents of the stomach coming up)
Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter, which
causes inflammation of stomach and small intestine.
Causes: any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal
pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoke, pregnancy, anatomic
features (ex. hiatal hernia)
Symptoms: Heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia
Complications: Barret Esophagus (columnar tissue replaces normal squamous epithelium of the
distal esophagus), progression can lead to ulceration or fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures,
ppapillo
pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages)
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic use. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition?
It’s disorders of the upper GI tract caused by action of acid and pepsin.
H. Pylori which is a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation. It thrives in
acidic conditions, slows rate of ulcer healing, high rate of reoccurrence, clearance of H. Pylori
promotes ulcer healing.
Signs and symptoms: epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food, especially
dairy or antacids, pain of ulcers usually occurs on an empty stomach. Life threatening
complications can also include GI bleeding.
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it can
be treated?
It is acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain,
fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
Caused by Clostridium difficile and mediated by bacterial toxins.
Treatment: stop current antibiotic if possible, treat ischemia, treat contributing conditions, oral
antibiotics such as metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant, but reoccurrence is common.
5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their causes such as Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa of the rectum and colon which
causes large ulcers. Begins as inflammation at base of crypts of Lieberkühn and damage results,
then abscess formation in crypts and abscesses begin to develop in epithelium.
Crohn disease: AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis. Cause is unknown.
This study source was downloaded by 100000824189183 from CourseHero.com on 02-23-2022 05:06:13 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73982980/Patho-Exam-2-Study-Guidedocx/
, Celiac Disease: caused by bacterial overgrowth of large intestine produces fermentation that
damage mucosa. Mucosa of small intestine atrophies resulting in malabsorption along with B12
and folic acid deficiency. It’s also prevalent in equatorial countries, adults more than children.
6. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
Signs and Symptoms: periumbilical pain, RLQ pain (McBurney’s point), nausea, vomiting, fever,
diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systematic signs of inflammation, rebound tenderness (pain).
Should be assessed with an ultrasound or using McBurney’s point
7. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel obstructions
versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
o Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel, but most common in small
intestine.
o Function obstruction: conditions that inhibit/impairs peristalsis
o Mechanical obstruction: adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus (twisting in
blocking of the intestines), and intussusception, blocking
8. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease?
Signs and Symptoms: jaundice (yellow), anemia, jerking motions, tremors, and decreased
clotting, increasing levels of ammonia (unresponsive, ,
End stage liver disease: Cirrhosis (can be caused from Tylenol use, alcohol use)
9. Review signs and symptoms of gallstones. Review the three phases that contribute to gallstone
formation
Signs and symptoms: back pain, RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting
1. supersaturation of cholesterols formed in the liver
2. nucleation of cholesterol and bile salts
3. growth of the gallstones from the crystalline sludge in the gallbladder.
10. Review signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. What are some causes to this condition?
Signs and symptoms: epigastric pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, upper portion
Causes: Alcohol consumption, about 2/3s of all cases
11. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders?
Function: maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, excretion(ridding body of in (red blood
cells).
What can take place of kidney: Dialysis – filters the blood, sometimes patients may not be a
canident for a new kidney
Assessed by urinalysis, KUB scan, renogram/renal scan, ultrasonography, CT/MRI, BUN,
creatinine, physical assessment, GFR – should be high, CBA tenderness
12. What is polycystic kidney disease? What causes this condition?
A genetic disorder in which numerous fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidney. Can impair kidney
function
This study source was downloaded by 100000824189183 from CourseHero.com on 02-23-2022 05:06:13 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73982980/Patho-Exam-2-Study-Guidedocx/
