Levels of prevention
PATHO: Exam 1 Study Guide
Primary - reduce exposure
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Secondary - early detection screening
What is pathophysiology
Tertiary - rehabilitative supportive care
Disease stages, e.g. latent, prodromal, chronic,
exacerbation, convalescence, etc.
Chapter 2: Stress
Vocabulary: Homeostasis, Allostasis, habituation
● Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium, of balance
within the organism.
● Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
◆ Homeostatic responses refer to systems
whose purpose is specifically to
normalize selected physiologic variables.
● Allostasis - overall process of adaptive change
necessary to maintain survival and well-being.
○ Environment and lifestyle changes
○ Allostasis involves intricate regulatory
processes orchestrated by the brain.
○ Allostasis may involve altering multiple
physiologic variables to match the
resources of the body to environmental
demands.
○ It helps the body achieve homeostasis.
, ● Habituation - Adaptation to a stressor
○ Ex. not hearing a buzzing sound after it
has gone on for a long time.
Stress – what is it, purpose of, what determines
response
● Stress - a physical, chemical, or emotional factor
that produces tension in the body or the mind
Selye GAP syndrome stages, body’s responses to stages
(alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
Mediators of stress, e.g. norepinephrine, epinephrine,
cortisol – what do they do?
, Chapter 24: Fluids and Electrolytes
Normal values for 5 electrolytes, signs and symptoms,
causes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium,
magnesium)
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Major function of cell structures, e.g. lysosomes,
mitochondria, nucleus, etc.
PATHO: Exam 1 Study Guide
Primary - reduce exposure
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Secondary - early detection screening
What is pathophysiology
Tertiary - rehabilitative supportive care
Disease stages, e.g. latent, prodromal, chronic,
exacerbation, convalescence, etc.
Chapter 2: Stress
Vocabulary: Homeostasis, Allostasis, habituation
● Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium, of balance
within the organism.
● Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
◆ Homeostatic responses refer to systems
whose purpose is specifically to
normalize selected physiologic variables.
● Allostasis - overall process of adaptive change
necessary to maintain survival and well-being.
○ Environment and lifestyle changes
○ Allostasis involves intricate regulatory
processes orchestrated by the brain.
○ Allostasis may involve altering multiple
physiologic variables to match the
resources of the body to environmental
demands.
○ It helps the body achieve homeostasis.
, ● Habituation - Adaptation to a stressor
○ Ex. not hearing a buzzing sound after it
has gone on for a long time.
Stress – what is it, purpose of, what determines
response
● Stress - a physical, chemical, or emotional factor
that produces tension in the body or the mind
Selye GAP syndrome stages, body’s responses to stages
(alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
Mediators of stress, e.g. norepinephrine, epinephrine,
cortisol – what do they do?
, Chapter 24: Fluids and Electrolytes
Normal values for 5 electrolytes, signs and symptoms,
causes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium,
magnesium)
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Major function of cell structures, e.g. lysosomes,
mitochondria, nucleus, etc.
