Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
Module 1:
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind,
real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE –
SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO STAGES –
ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION:
ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and
cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors
RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to
homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair
EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of
adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
STRESS IN CHILDREN:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE,
CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO?
Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision
Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial
contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation;
increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be
synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases
serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and
heightens memory and attention
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)– essential for sodium conservation in the kidneys, salivary
glands, sweat glands, and colon
LONG TERM GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON BODY:
osteoporosis, inability to fight infection (comp host), can weaken muscle/atrophy of skeletal
muscle
ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS:
ENDORPHINS- are an endogenous opioid peptide derived from cells in the
hypothalamus, have analgesic properties
ENKEPHALINS – One of two types of pain-suppressing pentapeptides; they
are produced in the body and are located in the pituitary gland, brain, and GI
tract
Module 2
PHAGOCYTOSIS:
WHAT IS IT? – When leukocytes attack the bad cells and “eat” them
STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS, INITIATION, PROMOTION, PROGRESSION:
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
INITIATION – Initiating events in chromosomes (such as aberrations) or in DNA; initiators are
radiation, chemical carcinogens, UV etc.
PROMOTION – low doses of tumor initiators are necessary to convert the initiated cells to
cancer cells; EX: TPA, phorbol esters, estrogen and excessive fat
PROGRESSION – Increased genetic instability resulting in aggressive growth phenotype
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN VS MALIGNANT
TUMORS:
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
Module 1:
STRESS – WHAT IS IT?, PURPOSE OF, WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE?
WHAT IS IT? – physical, chemical or emotional factor that results in tension of body or mind,
real or perceived threat to homeostasis, can be positive or negative
PURPOSE –
WHAT DETERMINES RESPONSE –
SELYE GAP SYNDROME STAGES, BODY’S RESPONSES TO STAGES –
ALARM, RESISTANCE, EXHAUSTION:
ALARM – the stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance; releases epi and norepi, and
cortisol; Body has decreased resistance to stressors
RESISTANCE – Body fights back by adjusting to the stress; body trying to return to
homeostasis; Glucose, free fatty acids and amino acids elevated for energy, growth and repair
EXHAUSTION – Rest permits enhanced adaptation; No rest = overtraining, injury, lack of
adaptation; point where body can no longer reach homeostasis; Allostatic overload – “cost” of
body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
STRESS IN CHILDREN:
PHYSIOLOGICAL – Immune system, stunt in growth, high blood pressure
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
MEDIATORS OF STRESS, E.G. NOREPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE,
CORTISOL – WHAT DO THEY DO?
Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during alarm stage; constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure; reduces gastric secretions and increases night and far vision
Epinephrine (Catecholamines) – released during the alarm stage; enhances myocardial
contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac output; causes bronchodilation;
increases the release of glucose from the liver(glycogenolysis) and elevates blood glucose levels
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) – released during alarm stage; primary glucocorticoid; may be
synergistic or antagonistic to catecholamines; suppresses the immune system, decreases
serotonin, increases blood sugar, increases blood pressure, decreases sensitivity to pain, and
heightens memory and attention
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
ALDOSTERONE (mineralocorticoid)– essential for sodium conservation in the kidneys, salivary
glands, sweat glands, and colon
LONG TERM GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON BODY:
osteoporosis, inability to fight infection (comp host), can weaken muscle/atrophy of skeletal
muscle
ENDORPHINS AND ENKEPHALINS:
ENDORPHINS- are an endogenous opioid peptide derived from cells in the
hypothalamus, have analgesic properties
ENKEPHALINS – One of two types of pain-suppressing pentapeptides; they
are produced in the body and are located in the pituitary gland, brain, and GI
tract
Module 2
PHAGOCYTOSIS:
WHAT IS IT? – When leukocytes attack the bad cells and “eat” them
STEPS IN CARCINOGENESIS, INITIATION, PROMOTION, PROGRESSION:
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
, Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
INITIATION – Initiating events in chromosomes (such as aberrations) or in DNA; initiators are
radiation, chemical carcinogens, UV etc.
PROMOTION – low doses of tumor initiators are necessary to convert the initiated cells to
cancer cells; EX: TPA, phorbol esters, estrogen and excessive fat
PROGRESSION – Increased genetic instability resulting in aggressive growth phenotype
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN VS MALIGNANT
TUMORS:
Final
Summary NUR 2063 Final exam
Exam Study Guide latest update
Rasmussen College
