NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College

NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College



1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders as a whole

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.




2. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition?

► Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics

► No relation b/w diet and PUD

► H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation




NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College

,NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College


► Thrives in acidic conditions

► Slow rate of ulcer healing

► High rate of
recurrence Clearance of H. pylori promotes ulcer
healing




► Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food
(especially dairy products) or antacids.

► Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after
a meal

► Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal and is relieved
by further food ingestion




► Life threatening complication: GI bleed

► Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate (Carafate)


3. What is gastritis? What are causes?

Inflammation of the stomach lining

NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College

,NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College


Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances

► Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune




4. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left
untreated?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower
esophageal sphincter (LES)

Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)

► Causes

► Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure,
fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, anatomic
features (ex: hiatal hernia)

► Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over time (columnar
tissue replaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for esophageal cancer

► Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring

► Esophageal strictures

► Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing passages



NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College

, NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College




5. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it
can be treated?

Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis).

► Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
► Caused by overgrowth of Clostridium difficile c.diff (exposure to antibiotics)

Treatment= Stop current antibiotic (if possible)

► Treat ischemia
► Treat contributing conditions
► Oral antibiotics - metronidazole (flagyl) or vancomycin
► Recurrence common
► Fecal transplant - transfer of fecal material from another healthy person to the source
patient via enema or gastric tube
► Colectomy – removal of portion of colon


6. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease?

a. Hepatocellular failure

NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5,
and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of
Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE
RATED A+ Rasmussen College