CELLULAR RESPONSE :
Adaption - Reversible functional and structural response to stimuli
- Adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious
agents or stress, deprived of nutrients, or become compromised by
mutations that affect essential cellular constituents -> Injury
Adaption -> reversible injury -> prolong and severe stimulus -> irreversible injury
- Reversible injury : hallmark by decrease in reduced oxidative phosphorylation -> reduce in ATP.
Cell edema due to change in ion concentration
Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of the cell
- Physiology : due to stimulation of hormone
- Pathology : due to over stimulation of hormone, viral infection
- Compensatory hyperplasia : liver regeneration
- Benign Prostatic hyperplasia :
- Nodular hyperplasia and epithelial cells
- Increase in number of senescent cell and inhibit cell death
- Morphology :
- Median lobe hypertrophy : nodular hyperplasia in periurethral zone
- Nodules : portion of storm and glands
- Hyperplastic gland : lined by 2 cell layer : inner columnar and outer flattened basal cell
Myocardial hypertrophy :
- Mechanism : pressure / volume overload / trophic signals
- Morphology : characteristic by enlarge nuclei
- Pressure-overload hypertrophy
- Hypertension, aortic stenosis
- New sarcomeres are predominant, parallel to the axes of cells
- Increase in wall thickness
- Volume-overload
- Sarcomeres are arranged in series within existing sarcomere
- Wall thickness varies : normal, increase, decrease
Hypertensive heart disease
Systemic ( Left-sided ) - Clinical : Left ventricle hypertrophy + hypertension in other organ =
Hypertensive heart disease HHD
- Increase in thickness of ventricular wall : increase in myocardiocyte
size, increase interstitial connective tissue
Pulmonary hypertension -> - Isolated pulmonary HHD : for pulmonate
Right-sided Hypertensive - Dilation of RV without hypertrophy
heart disease - Thicken of RV wall and other structure surrounding the pulmonary
valve
Atrophy
- Reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in size and number of cell
- Etiology of Atrophy :
- Disuse atrophy
- Diminished blood supply : Senile atrophy ( heart, brain,… )
- Loss of innervation : enervation atrophy
- Inadequate nutrient
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
- Pressure
- Mechanism : decrease in protein synthesis and increase in protein degeneration due to
ubiquitin- protease system
- Sometimes, autophagy ( self-eat ) happens to save energy
Adaption - Reversible functional and structural response to stimuli
- Adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious
agents or stress, deprived of nutrients, or become compromised by
mutations that affect essential cellular constituents -> Injury
Adaption -> reversible injury -> prolong and severe stimulus -> irreversible injury
- Reversible injury : hallmark by decrease in reduced oxidative phosphorylation -> reduce in ATP.
Cell edema due to change in ion concentration
Hyperplasia
- Increase in number of the cell
- Physiology : due to stimulation of hormone
- Pathology : due to over stimulation of hormone, viral infection
- Compensatory hyperplasia : liver regeneration
- Benign Prostatic hyperplasia :
- Nodular hyperplasia and epithelial cells
- Increase in number of senescent cell and inhibit cell death
- Morphology :
- Median lobe hypertrophy : nodular hyperplasia in periurethral zone
- Nodules : portion of storm and glands
- Hyperplastic gland : lined by 2 cell layer : inner columnar and outer flattened basal cell
Myocardial hypertrophy :
- Mechanism : pressure / volume overload / trophic signals
- Morphology : characteristic by enlarge nuclei
- Pressure-overload hypertrophy
- Hypertension, aortic stenosis
- New sarcomeres are predominant, parallel to the axes of cells
- Increase in wall thickness
- Volume-overload
- Sarcomeres are arranged in series within existing sarcomere
- Wall thickness varies : normal, increase, decrease
Hypertensive heart disease
Systemic ( Left-sided ) - Clinical : Left ventricle hypertrophy + hypertension in other organ =
Hypertensive heart disease HHD
- Increase in thickness of ventricular wall : increase in myocardiocyte
size, increase interstitial connective tissue
Pulmonary hypertension -> - Isolated pulmonary HHD : for pulmonate
Right-sided Hypertensive - Dilation of RV without hypertrophy
heart disease - Thicken of RV wall and other structure surrounding the pulmonary
valve
Atrophy
- Reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in size and number of cell
- Etiology of Atrophy :
- Disuse atrophy
- Diminished blood supply : Senile atrophy ( heart, brain,… )
- Loss of innervation : enervation atrophy
- Inadequate nutrient
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
- Pressure
- Mechanism : decrease in protein synthesis and increase in protein degeneration due to
ubiquitin- protease system
- Sometimes, autophagy ( self-eat ) happens to save energy
